The Story of Civilization - Revision history

Christoph: /* XI. The Age of Napoleon (1975) */

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‎XI. The Age of Napoleon (1975)

Christoph: /* X. Rousseau and Revolution (1967) */

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‎X. Rousseau and Revolution (1967)

Christoph: /* IX. The Age of Voltaire (1965) */

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‎IX. The Age of Voltaire (1965)

Christoph: /* VIII. The Age of Louis XIV (1963) */

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‎VIII. The Age of Louis XIV (1963)

Christoph: /* VII. The Age of Reason Begins (1961) */

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‎VII. The Age of Reason Begins (1961)

Christoph: /* VI. The Reformation (1957) */

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‎VI. The Reformation (1957)

Christoph: /* V. The Renaissance (1953) */

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‎V. The Renaissance (1953)

Christoph: /* IV. The Age of Faith (1950) */

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‎IV. The Age of Faith (1950)

Christoph: Created page with "'''''The Story of Civilization''''', by husband and wife Will and Ariel Durant, is an eleven-volume set of books covering Western history for the general reader. ==Series out..."

2018-03-10T19:18:19Z

Created page with "'''''The Story of Civilization''''', by husband and wife Will and Ariel Durant, is an eleven-volume set of books covering Western history for the general reader. ==Series out..."

New page

'''''The Story of Civilization''''', by husband and wife Will and Ariel Durant, is an eleven-volume set of books covering Western history for the general reader.

==Series outline==

===I. ''Our Oriental Heritage'' (1935)===

This volume covers Near Eastern history until the fall of the Persian Empire in the 330s BC, and the history of India, China, and Japan up to the 1930s.

:"Every chapter, every paragraph in this book will offend or amuse some patriotic or esoteric soul: the Orthodox Jew will need all his ancestral patience to forgive the pages on Yahveh; the metaphysical Hindu will mourn this superficial scratching of Indian philosophy; The Chinese or Japanese sage will smile indulgently at these brief and inadequate selections from the wealth of Far Eastern literature and thought. ... Meanwhile a weary author may sympathize with Tai T’ung, who in the thirteenth century issued his 'History of Chinese Writing' with these words: 'Were I to await perfection, my book would never be finished'". (p.ix)

#'''The Establishment of Civilization'''
##The Conditions of Civilization
##The Economic Elements of Civilization
##The Political Elements of Civilization
##The Moral Elements of Civilization
##The Mental Elements of Civilization
##The Prehistoric Beginnings of Civilization "The moulders of the world's myths were unsuccessful husbands, for they agreed that woman was the source of all evil". (page 70)
#'''The Near East'''
##Sumeria
##Egypt
##Babylonia
##Assyria
##A Motley of Nations
##Judea
##Persia "For barbarism is always around civilization, amid it and beneath it, ready to engulf it by arms, or mass migration, or unchecked fertility. Barbarism is like the jungle; it never admits its defeat; it waits patiently for centuries to recover the territory it has lost". (page 265)
#'''India and Her Neighbors'''
##The Foundations of India
##Buddha
##From Alexander to Aurangzeb
##The Life of the People
##The Paradise of the Gods
##The Life of the Mind
##The Literature of India
##Indian Art
##A Christian Epilogue On the fall of India to the Moguls: "The bitter lesson that may be drawn from this tragedy is that eternal vigilance is the price of civilization. A nation must love peace, but keep its powder dry". (page 463)
#'''The Far East'''
##The Age of the Philosophers
##The Age of the Poets
##The Age of the Artists
##The People and the State
##Revolution and Renewal On China in 1935: "No victory of arms, or tyranny of alien finance, can long suppress a nation so rich in resources and vitality. The invader will lose funds or patience before the loins of China will lose virility; within a century China will have absorbed and civilized her conquerors, and will have learned all the technique of what transiently bears the name of modern industry; roads and communications will give her unity, economy and thrift will give her funds, and a strong government will give her order and peace". (page 823)
#'''Japan'''
##The Makers of Japan
##The Political and Moral Foundations
##The Mind and Art of Old Japan
##The New Japan On Japan in 1935: "By every historical precedent the next act will be war]]".

===II. ''The Life of Greece'' (1939)===

This volume covers Ancient Greece and the Hellenistic Near East down to the Roman conquest.

#'''Aegean Prelude: 3500–1000 BC'''
##Crete
##Before Agamemnon
##The Heroic Age
#'''The Rise of Greece: 1000–480 BC'''
##Sparta
##Athens
##The Great Migration
##The Greeks in the West
##The Gods of Greece
##The Common Culture of Early Greece
##The Struggle for Freedom "The realization of self-government was something new in the world; life without kings had not yet been dared by any great society. Out of this proud sense of independence, individual and collective, came a powerful stimulus to every enterprise of the Greeks; it was their liberty that inspired them to incredible accomplishments in arts and letters, in science and philosophy". (p. 233)
#'''The Golden Age: 480–399 BC'''
##Pericles and the Democratic Experiment
##Work and Wealth in Athens
##The Morals and Manners of the Athenians
##The Art of Periclean Greece
##The Advancement of Learning
##The Conflict of Philosophy and Religion
##The Literature of the Golden Age
##The Suicide of Greece "As surprising as anything else in this civilization is the fact that it was brilliant without the aid or stimulus of women". (p. 305)
#'''The Decline and Fall of Greek Freedom: 399–322 BC'''
##Philip
##Letters and Arts in the Fourth Century
##The Zenith of Philosophy
##Alexander "The class war had turned democracy into a contest in legislative looting". (p. 554)
#'''The Hellenistic Dispersion: 322–146 BC'''
##Greece and Macedonia
##Hellenism and the Orient
##Egypt and the West
##Books
##The Art of the Dispersion
##The Climax of Greek Science
##The Surrender of Philosophy
##The Coming of Rome "We have tried to show that the essential cause of the Roman conquest of Greece was the disintegration of Greek civilization from within. No great nation is ever conquered until it has destroyed itself". (p. 659)
:Epilogue: Our Greek Heritage

===III. ''Caesar and Christ'' (1944)===

The volume covers the history of Rome and of Christianity until the time of Constantine the Great.

#'''Introduction: Origins'''
##Etruscan Prelude: 800–508 BC
#'''The Republic: 508–30 BC'''
##The Struggle for Democracy: 508–264 BC
##Hannibal Against Rome: 264 BC-202 BC
##Stoic Rome: 508–202 BC
##The Greek Conquest: 201 BC-146 BC "The new generation, having inherited world mastery, had no time or inclination to defend it; that readiness for war which had characterized the Roman landowner disappeared now that ownership was concentrated in a few families and a proletariat without stake in the country filled the slums of Rome". (p. 90)
#'''The Revolution: 145–30 BC'''
##The Agrarian Revolt: 145–78 BC
##The Oligarchic Reaction: 77–60 BC
##Literature Under the Revolution: 145–30 BC
##Caesar: 100–44 BC
##Antony: 44–30 BC "Children were now luxuries which only the poor could afford". (p. 134)
#'''The Principate: 30 BC-AD 192'''
##Augustan Statesmanship: 30 BC-AD 14
##The Golden Age: 30 BC-AD 18
##The Other Side of Monarchy: AD 14–96
##The Silver Age: AD 14–96
##Rome at Work: AD 14–96
##Rome and its Art: 30 BC-AD 96
##Epicurean Rome: 30 BC-AD 96
##Roman Law: 146 BC-AD 192
##The Philosopher Kings: AD 96–180
##Life and Thought in the Second Century: AD 96–192 If Rome had not engulfed so many men of alien blood in so brief a time, if she had passed all these newcomers through her schools instead of her slums, if she had treated them as men with a hundred potential excellences, if she had occasionally closed her gates to let assimilation catch up with infiltration, she might have gained new racial and literary vitality from the infusion, and might have remained a Roman Rome, the voice and citadel of the West". (p. 366)
#'''The Empire: AD 146-AD 192'''
##Italy
##Civilizing the West
##Roman Greece
##The Hellenistic Revival
##Rome and Judea: 132 BC-AD 135
#'''The Youth of Christianity: 4 BC-AD 325'''
##Jesus: 4 BC-AD 30
##The Apostles: AD 30–95
##The Growth of the Church: AD 96–305
##The Collapse of the Empire: AD 193–305
##The Triumph of Christianity: AD 306–325
:Epilogue "Rome was not destroyed by Christianity, any more than by barbarian invasion; it was an empty shell when Christianity rose to influence and invasion came". (p.667-668)

===IV. ''The Age of Faith'' (1950)===

This volume covers the [[Middle Ages]] in both Europe and the Near East, from the time of [[Constantine I]] to that of [[Dante Alighieri]].

#'''The [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] Zenith: AD 325–565'''
##[[Julian the Apostate]]: 332-63
##The Triumph of the [[Barbarian]]s: 325–476
##The Progress of [[History of Christianity|Christianity]]: 364–451
##Europe Takes Form: 325–529
##[[Justinian I|Justinian]]: 527-65
##[[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] Civilization: 337–565
##The [[Persian people|Persians]]: 224–641 "Historically, the conquest destroyed the outward form of what had already inwardly decayed; it cleared away with regrettable brutality and thoroughness a system of life which, with all its gifts of order, culture, and law, had worn itself into senile debility, and had lost the powers of regeneration and growth." (p. 43)
#'''[[Muslim history|Islamic]] Civilization: AD 569–1258'''
##[[Muhammad|Mohammed]]: 569–632
##The [[Qur'an|Koran]]
##The Sword of [[Islam]]: 632–1058
##The Islamic Scene: 632–1058
##Thought and [[Islamic art|Art]] in Eastern Islam: 632–1058
##Western Islam: 641–1086
##The Grandeur and Decline of Islam: 1058–1258 “Moslems seem to have been better gentlemen than their Christian peers; they kept their word more frequently, showed more mercy to the defeated, and were seldom guilty of the brutality as marked the Christian capture of Jerusalem in 1099.” (p. 341)
#'''[[Jewish history|Judaic]] Civilization: AD 135-1300'''
##The [[Talmud]]: 135–500
##The Medieval Jews: 500–1300
##The Mind and Heart of the Jew: 500–1300
#'''The [[Dark Ages (historiography)|Dark Ages]]: AD 566–1095'''
##The Byzantine World: 566–1095
##The Decline of the West: 566–1066
##The Rise of [[Nordic countries|the North]]: 566–1066
##Christianity in Conflict: 529–1085
##[[Feudalism]] and [[Chivalry]]: 600–1200
#'''The Climax of [[History of Christianity|Christianity]]: 1095–1300'''
##The [[Crusades]]: 1095–1291
##The Economic Revolution: 1066–1300
##The Recovery of Europe: 1095–1300
##Pre-Renaissance Italy: 1057–1308
##The [[Roman Catholic Church]]: 1095–1294
##The Early [[Inquisition]]: 1000–1300
##[[Monk]]s and [[Friar]]s: 1095–1300
##The Morals and Manners of [[Christendom]]: 700–1300
##The Resurrection of the [[Medieval art|Arts]]: 1095–1300
##The [[Gothic architecture|Gothic]] Flowering: 1095–1300
##[[Medieval music|Medieval Music]]: 326–1300
##The Transmission of Knowledge: 1000–1300
##[[Peter Abelard|Abélard]]: 1079–1142
##The Adventure of [[Reason]]: 1120–1308
##Christian [[History of science in the Middle Ages|Science]]: 1095–1300
##The Age of [[Romance (heroic literature)|Romance]]: 1100–1300
##[[Dante Alighieri|Dante]]: 1265–1321 "All in all, the picture we form of the medieval Latin Church is that of a complex organization doing its best, despite the human frailties of its adherents and leaders, to establish moral and social order, and to spread an uplifting and consoling faith, amid the wreckage of an old civilization and the passions of an adolescent society." (p. 818)
: Epilogue: The [[Middle Ages|Medieval]] Legacy

===V. ''The Renaissance'' (1953)===

This volume covers the history of Italy from c.1300 to the mid 16th century, focusing on the [[Italian Renaissance]].

#'''Prelude: 1300–77'''
##The Age of [[Petrarch]] and [[Giovanni Boccaccio|Boccaccio]]: 1304–75
##[[Avignon Papacy|The Popes in Avignon]]: 1309–77 "Venetian merchants invaded every market from [[Jerusalem]] to [[Antwerp]]; they traded impartially with Christians and [[Islam|Mohammedans]], and papal [[excommunication]]s fell upon them with all the force of dew upon the earth." (p. 39)
#'''The [[Florence|Florentine]] [[Renaissance]]: 1378–1534'''
##The Rise of the [[Medici]]: 1378–1464
##The Golden Age: 1464–92
##[[Girolamo Savonarola|Savonarola]] and the Republic: 1492–1534 “But it took more than a revival of antiquity to make the Renaissance. And first of all it took money—smelly bourgeois money: ... of careful calculations, investments and loans, of interest and dividends accumulated until surplus could be spared from the pleasures of the flesh, from the purchase of senates, signories, and mistresses, to pay a [[Michelangelo]] or a Titian to transmute wealth into beauty, and perfume a fortune with the breath of art. Money is the root of all civilization.” (p. 67-68)
#'''Italian Pageant: 1378–1534'''
##[[Milan]]
##[[Leonardo da Vinci]]
##[[Tuscany]] and [[Umbria]]
##[[Mantua]]
##[[Ferrara]]
##[[Republic of Venice|Venice]] and Her Realm
##[[Emilia (region of Italy)|Emilia]] and the [[Marche]]s
##[[Kingdom of Naples|The Kingdom of Naples]] "He was not handsome; like most great men, he was spared this distracting handicap." (p. 185)
#'''The [[Rome|Roman]] [[Renaissance]]: 1378–1521'''
##The Crisis in the [[Roman Catholic Church|Church]]: 1378–1521
##The Renaissance Captures Rome: 1447–92
##[[Borgia|The Borgias]]
##[[Julius II]]: 1503–13
##[[Leo X]]: 1513–21
#'''Debacle'''
##The Intellectual Revolt
##The Moral Release
##The Political Collapse: 1494–1534
#'''Finale: 1534–76'''
##Sunset in [[Venice]]
##The Waning of The [[Renaissance]]
#Envoi

===VI. ''The Reformation'' (1957)===

This volume covers the history of Europe outside of Italy from around 1300 to 1564, focusing on the [[Protestant Reformation]].

#'''From [[John Wyclif]] to [[Martin Luther]]: 1300–1517'''
##The [[Roman Catholic Church]]: 1300–1517
##[[England]], Wyclif, [[Geoffrey Chaucer|Chaucer]], and the [[Peasants' Revolt|Great Revolt]]: 1308–1400
##[[France]] Besieged: 1300–1461
##[[Gallia]] Phoenix: 1453–1515
##England in the Fifteenth Century: 1399–1509
##Episode in [[Duchy of Burgundy|Burgundy]]: 1363–1515
##[[Central Europe|Middle Europe]]: 1300–1460
##The [[West Slavs|Western Slavs]]: 1300–1516
##The [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] Tide: 1300–1516
##[[Portugal]] Inaugurates the [[Commercial Revolution]]: 1300–1517
##[[Spain]]: 1300–1517
##The Growth of Knowledge: 1300–1517
##The Conquest of the Sea: 1492–1517
##[[Desiderius Erasmus|Erasmus]] the Forerunner: 1469–1517
##Germany on the Eve of [[Martin Luther|Luther]]: 1453–1517
#'''[[Protestant Reformation|The Religious Revolution]]: 1517–64'''
##[[Martin Luther|Luther]]: The Reformation in [[Germany]]: 1517–24
##The Social Revolution: 1522–36
##[[Huldrych Zwingli|Zwingli]]: The Reformation in [[Switzerland]]: 1477–1531
##Luther and [[Erasmus]]: 1517–36
##The Faiths at War: 1525–60
##[[John Calvin]]: 1509–64
##[[Francis I of France|Francis I]] and the Reformation in France: 1515–59
##[[Henry VIII of England|Henry VIII]] and [[Thomas Wolsey|Cardinal Wolsey]]: 1509–29
##Henry VIII and [[Thomas More]]: 1529–35
##Henry VIII and the [[Dissolution of the Monasteries|Monasteries]]: 1535–47
##[[Edward VI of England|Edward VI]] and [[Mary I of England|Mary Tudor]]: 1547–58
##From [[Robert I of Scotland|Robert Bruce]] to [[John Knox]]: 1300–1561
##The Migrations of Reform: 1517–60
#'''The Strangers in the Gate: 1300–1566'''
##The Unification of Russia: 1300–1584
##The Genius of [[Islam]]: 1258–1520
##[[Suleiman the Magnificent]]: 1520–66
##The Jews: 1300–1564
#'''Behind the Scenes: 1517–1564'''
##The Life of the People
##Music: 1300–1564
##Literature in the Age of [[François Rabelais|Rabelais]]
##Art in the Age of [[Hans Holbein the Younger|Holbein]]
##Science in the Age of [[Nicolaus Copernicus|Copernicus]] ”People then, as now, were judged more by their manners than by their morals; the world forgave more readily the sins that were committed with the least vulgarity and the greatest grace. Here, as in everything but artillery and theology, Italy led the way.” (p. 766)
#'''The [[Counter-Reformation|Counter Reformation]]: 1517–65'''
##The Church and Reform
##The Popes and the [[Council of Trent|Council]]
: Epilogue: Renaissance, [[Protestant Reformation|Reformation]], and [[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]]

===VII. ''The Age of Reason Begins'' (1961)===

This volume covers the history of Europe and the Near East from 1559 to 1648.

#'''[[English Renaissance|The English Ecstasy]]: 1558–1648'''
##[[Elizabeth I of England|The Great Queen]]: 1558–1603
##Merrie England: 1558–1625
##On the Slopes of [[Parnassus]]: 1558–1603
##[[William Shakespeare]]: 1564–1616
##[[Mary, Queen of Scots]]: 1542–87
##[[James I of England|James VI and I]]: 1567–1625
##The Summons to [[Reason]]: 1558–1649
##[[English Civil War|The Great Rebellion]]: 1625–49 “Witches were burned, and Jesuits were taken down from the scaffold to be cut to pieces alive. The milk of human kindness flowed sluggishly in the days of Good Queen Bess.” (p. 54)
#'''The Faiths Fight For Power: 1556–1648'''
##''Alma Mater [[Italy|Italia]]:'' 1564–1648
##Grandeur and Decadence of Spain: 1556–1665
##The Golden Age of [[Spanish Literature]]: 1556–1665
##The Golden Age of [[Spanish Golden Age|Spanish Art]]: 1556–1682
##The Duel for France: 1559–74
##[[Henry IV of France|Henry IV]]: 1553–1610
##[[Cardinal Richelieu|Richelieu]]: 1585–1642
##France Beneath the Wars: 1559–1643
##[[Eighty Years' War|The Revolt of the Netherlands]]: 1558–1648
##From [[Peter Paul Rubens|Rubens]] to [[Rembrandt]]: 1555–1660
##The Rise of the [[Northern Europe|North]]: 1559–1648
##The Islamic Challenge: 1566–1648
##Imperial Armageddon: 1564–1648 "The stones in his bladder bothered him more than the wars of France."(p. 411)
#'''The Tentatives of Reason: 1558–1648'''
##Science in the Age of [[Galileo Galilei|Galileo]]: 1558–1648
##Philosophy Reborn: 1564–1648 "Is Christianity dying? ... If this is so, it is the basic event of modern times, for the soul of a civilization is its religion, and it dies with its faith." (p. 613)

===VIII. ''The Age of Louis XIV'' (1963)===

This volume covers the period of [[Louis XIV of France]] in Europe and the Near East.

#'''The French Zenith: 1643–1715'''
##The Sun Rises: 1643–84
##The Crucible of Faith: 1643–1715
##The King and the Arts: 1643–1715
##[[Molière]]: 1622–73
##The Classic Zenith in [[French Literature]]: 1643–1715
##Tragedy in the [[Netherlands]]: 1649–1715 “It was an age of strict manners and loose morals.” (p. 27) ”Like the others, he came from the [[middle class]]; the [[aristocracy]] is too interested in the art of life to spare time for the life of art.” (p. 144)
#'''England: 1649–1714'''
##[[Oliver Cromwell|Cromwell]]: 1649–60
##[[John Milton|Milton]]: 1608–74
##[[English Restoration|The Restoration]]: 1660–85
##[[Glorious Revolution|The Glorious Revolution]]: 1685–1714
##From [[John Dryden|Dryden]] to [[Jonathan Swift|Swift]]: 1660–1714
#'''The Periphery: 1648–1715'''
##The Struggle for the [[Baltic countries|Baltic]]: 1648–1721
##[[Peter I of Russia|Peter the Great]]: 1698–1725
##The Changing Empire: 1648–1715
##The Fallow South: 1648–1715
##The Jewish Enclaves: 1564–1715
#'''The Intellectual Adventure: 1648–1715'''
##From Superstition to Scholarship: 1648–1715
##The Scientific Quest: 1648–1715
##[[Isaac Newton]]: 1642–1727
##English Philosophy: 1648–1715
##Faith and Reason in France: 1648–1715
##[[Baruch Spinoza|Spinoza]]: 1632–77
##[[Gottfried Leibniz|Leibniz]]: 1646–1716
#'''France Against Europe: 1683–1715'''
##The Sun Sets

===IX. ''The Age of Voltaire'' (1965)===

This volume covers the period of the [[Age of Enlightenment]], as exemplified by [[Voltaire]], focusing on the period between 1715 and 1756 in France, Britain, and Germany.

#'''[[Régence|France: The Regency]]'''
#'''England: 1714–56'''
##The People
##The Rulers
##[[Religion]] and [[Philosophy]]
##[[Literature]] and [[Drama|the Stage]]
##[[Art]] and [[Music]]
#'''France: 1723–56'''
##The People and the State
##Morals and Manners
##The Worship of Beauty
##The Play of the Mind
##[[Voltaire]] in France ”Women, when on display, dressed as in our wondering youth, when the female structure was a breathless mystery costly to behold.” (p. 75)
#'''Middle Europe: 1713–56'''
##The Germany of [[Bach]]
##[[Frederick the Great]] and [[Maria Theresa of Austria|Maria Theresa]]
##Switzerland and [[Voltaire]]
#'''The Advancement of Learning: 1715–89'''
##The Scholars
##The [[Science|Scientific]] Advance
##[[Medicine]]
#'''The Attack Upon [[Christianity]]: 1730–74'''
##[[Atheism|The Atheists]]
##[[Denis Diderot|Diderot]] and the [[Encyclopédie|Encyclopedie]]
##[[Denis Diderot|Diderot]] Proteus
##The Spreading Campaign
##[[Voltaire]] and [[Christianity]]
##The Triumph of the [[Philosophe]]s

===X. ''Rousseau and Revolution'' (1967)===

This volume centers on [[Jean-Jacques Rousseau]] and his times. It received the [[Pulitzer Prize for General Non-Fiction]] in 1968.<ref Name="Pulitzer">"Pulitzer Prize Winners: General Non-Fiction". pulitzer.org. Retrieved 2008-02-29.</ref>

#'''Prelude'''
##Rousseau Wanderer: 1712–56
##[[Seven Years' War|The Seven Years' War]]: 1756–63
#'''France Before the Deluge: 1757–74'''
##The Life of the State
##The Art of Life
##[[Voltaire]] Patriarch: 1758–78
##Rousseau Romantic: 1756–62
##Rousseau Philosopher
##Rousseau Outcast: 1762–67
#'''The [[Roman Catholic Church|Catholic]] South: 1715–89'''
##''[[Italy|Italia]] Felix:'' 1715–59
##Portugal and [[Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo, 1st Marquess of Pombal|Pombal]]: 1706–82
##[[Enlightenment Spain|Spain and the Enlightenment]]: 1700–88
##''Vale, Italia:'' 1760–89
##The Enlightenment in Austria: 1756–90
##Music Reformed
##[[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart|Mozart]] “Lovers under a window plucked at a guitar or mandolin and a maiden’s heart.” (p. 220)
#'''[[Islam]] and the [[Slavs|Slavic]] East: 1715–96'''
##Islam: 1715–96
##Russian Interlude: 1725–62
##[[Catherine II of Russia|Catherine the Great]]: 1762–96
##The [[Partitions of Poland|Rape of Poland]]: 1715–95
#'''The [[Protestantism|Protestant]] North: 1756–89'''
##[[Frederick II of Prussia|Frederick's]] [[Prussia|Germany]]: 1756–86
##[[Immanuel Kant|Kant]]: 1724–1804
##Roads to [[Weimar]]: 1733–87
##[[Weimar]] in Flower: 1775–1805
##[[Johann Wolfgang Goethe|Goethe]] Nestor: 1805–32
##The [[Jew]]s: 1715–89
##From [[Geneva]] to [[Stockholm]] “He concluded that history is an excellent teacher with few pupils.” (p. 529)
#'''[[Samuel Johnson|Johnson's]] England: 1756–89'''
##[[Industrial Revolution|The Industrial Revolution]]
##The Political Drama: 1756–92
##The English People: 1756–89
##The Age of [[Joshua Reynolds|Reynolds]]: 1756–90
##England's Neighbors: 1756–89
##The Literary Scene: 1756–89
##[[Samuel Johnson]]: 1709–84
#'''The Collapse of [[Feudalism|Feudal]] France: 1774–89'''
##The Final Glory: 1774–83
##Death and the Philosophers: 1774–1807
##On the Eve: 1774–89
##The Anatomy of Revolution: 1774–89
##The Political Debacle: 1783–89
#Envoi

===XI. ''The Age of Napoleon'' (1975)===

This volume centers on [[Napoleon I of France]] and his times.

#'''The [[French Revolution]]: 1789–99'''
##The Background of Revolution: 1774–89
##[[National Constituent Assembly (France)|The National Assembly]]: May 4, 1789 – September 30, 1791
##[[French Legislative Assembly|The Legislative Assembly]]: October 1, 1791 – September 20, 1792
##[[French Convention|The Convention]]: September 21, 1792 – October 26, 1795
##[[French Directory|The Directory]]: November 2, 1795 – November 9, 1799
##Life Under the Revolution: 1789–99
#'''Napoleon Ascendant: 1799–1811'''
##[[First Consul|The Consulate]]: November 11, 1799 – May 18, 1804
##The New Empire: 1804–07
##The Mortal Realm: 1807–11
##[[Napoleon I of France|Napoleon]] Himself
##Napoleonic France: 1800–1815
##Napoleon and the Arts
##Literature versus Napoleon
##Science and Philosophy under Napoleon "It was a typical Napoleonic campaign: swift, victorious, and futile." (p. 228)
#'''[[United Kingdom|Britain]]: 1789–1812'''
##England at Work
##English Life
##The Arts in England
##Science in England
##English Philosophy
##Literature in Transition
##[[Lake Poets|The Lake Poets]]: 1770–1850
##The Rebel Poets: 1788–1824
##England's Neighbors: 1789–1815
##[[William Pitt the Younger|Pitt]], [[Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson|Nelson]], and Napoleon: 1789–1812
#'''The Challenged Kings: 1789–1812'''
##[[Iberian Peninsula|Iberia]]
##Italy and Its Conquerors: 1789–1813
##Austria: 1780–1812
##[[Ludwig van Beethoven|Beethoven]]: 1770–1827
##Germany and Napoleon: 1786–1811
##The German People: 1789–1812
##German Literature: 1789–1815
##German Philosophy: 1789–1815
##Around the [[The Geographical Pivot of History|Heartland]]: 1789–1812
##Russia: 1796–1812 " ... she entered upon a series of adventures, in one of which she was surprised with motherhood." (p. 633)
#'''Finale: 1811–1815'''
##To [[Moscow]]: 1811–12
##To [[Elba]]: 1813–14
##To [[Battle of Waterloo|Waterloo]]: 1814–15
##To [[Saint Helena|St. Helena]]
##To the End
##Afterward: 1815–40

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:Books]]

@@ Line 181: / Line 181: @@
 ===V. ''The Renaissance'' (1953)===
-This volume covers the history of Italy from c.1300 to the mid 16th century, focusing on the [[Italian Renaissance]].
+This volume covers the history of Italy from c.1300 to the mid 16th century, focusing on the Italian Renaissance.
 #'''Prelude:  1300–77'''
-##The Age of [[Petrarch]] and [[Giovanni Boccaccio|Boccaccio]]: 1304–75
+## The Age of Petrarch and Boccaccio: 1304–75
-##[[Avignon Papacy|The Popes in Avignon]]:  1309–77<br>"Venetian merchants invaded every market from [[Jerusalem]] to [[Antwerp]]; they traded impartially with Christians and [[Islam|Mohammedans]], and papal [[excommunication]]s fell upon them with all the force of dew upon the earth." (p.&nbsp;39)
+## The Popes in Avignon:  1309–77<br/>"Venetian merchants invaded every market from Jerusalem to Antwerp; they traded impartially with Christians and Mohammedans, and papal excommunications fell upon them with all the force of dew upon the earth". (p.&nbsp;39)
-#'''The [[Florence|Florentine]] [[Renaissance]]:  1378–1534'''
+#'''The Florentine Renaissance: 1378–1534'''
-##The Rise of the [[Medici]]:  1378–1464
+## The Rise of the Medici: 1378–1464
-##The Golden Age: 1464–92
+## The Golden Age: 1464–92
-##[[Girolamo Savonarola|Savonarola]] and the Republic: 1492–1534<br>“But it took more than a revival of antiquity to make the Renaissance.  And first of all it took money—smelly bourgeois money: ... of careful calculations, investments and loans, of interest and dividends accumulated until surplus could be spared from the pleasures of the flesh, from the purchase of senates, signories, and mistresses, to pay a [[Michelangelo]] or a Titian to transmute wealth into beauty, and perfume a fortune with the breath of art.  Money is the root of all civilization.” (p.&nbsp;67-68)
+## Savonarola and the Republic: 1492–1534<br/>"But it took more than a revival of antiquity to make the Renaissance. And first of all it took money—smelly bourgeois money: ... of careful calculations, investments and loans, of interest and dividends accumulated until surplus could be spared from the pleasures of the flesh, from the purchase of senates, signories, and mistresses, to pay a Michelangelo or a Titian to transmute wealth into beauty, and perfume a fortune with the breath of art. Money is the root of all civilization". (p.&nbsp;67-68)
 #'''Italian Pageant: 1378–1534'''
-##[[Milan]]
+## Milan
-##[[Leonardo da Vinci]]
+## Leonardo da Vinci
-##[[Tuscany]] and [[Umbria]]
+## Tuscany and Umbria
-##[[Mantua]]
+## Mantua
-##[[Ferrara]]
+## Ferrara
-##[[Republic of Venice|Venice]] and Her Realm
+## Venice and Her Realm
-##[[Emilia (region of Italy)|Emilia]] and the [[Marche]]s
+## Emilia and the Marches
-##[[Kingdom of Naples|The Kingdom of Naples]]<br>"He was not handsome; like most great men, he was spared this distracting handicap." (p.&nbsp;185)
+## The Kingdom of Naples<br/>"He was not handsome; like most great men, he was spared this distracting handicap". (p.&nbsp;185)
-#'''The [[Rome|Roman]] [[Renaissance]]: 1378–1521'''
+#'''The Roman Renaissance: 1378–1521'''
-##The Crisis in the [[Roman Catholic Church|Church]]: 1378–1521
+## The Crisis in the Church: 1378–1521
-##The Renaissance Captures Rome:  1447–92
+## The Renaissance Captures Rome: 1447–92
-##[[Borgia|The Borgias]]
+## The Borgias
-##[[Julius II]]: 1503–13
+## Julius II: 1503–13
-##[[Leo X]]: 1513–21
+## Leo X: 1513–21
 #'''Debacle'''
-##The Intellectual Revolt
+## The Intellectual Revolt
-##The Moral Release
+## The Moral Release
-##The Political Collapse: 1494–1534
+## The Political Collapse: 1494–1534
 #'''Finale: 1534–76'''
-##Sunset in [[Venice]]
+## Sunset in Venice
-##The Waning of The [[Renaissance]]
+## The Waning of The Renaissance
-#Envoi
+# Envoi
 ===VI. ''The Reformation'' (1957)===

@@ Line 131: / Line 131: @@
 ===IV. ''The Age of Faith'' (1950)===
-This volume covers the [[Middle Ages]] in both Europe and the Near East, from the time of [[Constantine I]] to that of [[Dante Alighieri]].
+This volume covers the Middle Ages in both Europe and the Near East, from the time of Constantine I to that of Dante Alighieri.
-#'''The [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] Zenith: AD 325–565'''
+#'''The Byzantine Zenith: AD 325–565'''
-##[[Julian the Apostate]]: 332-63
+## Julian the Apostate: 332-63
-##The Triumph of the [[Barbarian]]s: 325–476
+## The Triumph of the Barbarians: 325–476
-##The Progress of [[History of Christianity|Christianity]]: 364–451
+## The Progress of Christianity: 364–451
-##Europe Takes Form: 325–529
+## Europe Takes Form: 325–529
-##[[Justinian I|Justinian]]: 527-65
+## Justinian: 527-65
-##[[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] Civilization: 337–565
+## Byzantine Civilization: 337–565
-##The [[Persian people|Persians]]: 224–641<br>"Historically, the conquest destroyed the outward form of what had already inwardly decayed; it cleared away with regrettable brutality and thoroughness a system of life which, with all its gifts of order, culture, and law, had worn itself into senile debility, and had lost the powers of regeneration and growth." (p.&nbsp;43)
+## The Persians: 224–641<br/>"Historically, the conquest destroyed the outward form of what had already inwardly decayed; it cleared away with regrettable brutality and thoroughness a system of life which, with all its gifts of order, culture, and law, had worn itself into senile debility, and had lost the powers of regeneration and growth". (p.&nbsp;43)
-#'''[[Muslim history|Islamic]] Civilization: AD 569–1258'''
+#'''Islamic Civilization: AD 569–1258'''
-##[[Muhammad|Mohammed]]: 569–632
+## Mohammed: 569–632
-##The [[Qur'an|Koran]]
+## The Koran
-##The Sword of [[Islam]]: 632–1058
+## The Sword of Islam: 632–1058
-##The Islamic Scene: 632–1058
+## The Islamic Scene: 632–1058
-##Thought and [[Islamic art|Art]] in Eastern Islam: 632–1058
+## Thought and Art in Eastern Islam: 632–1058
-##Western Islam: 641–1086
+## Western Islam: 641–1086
-##The Grandeur and Decline of Islam: 1058–1258<br>“Moslems seem to have been better gentlemen than their Christian peers; they kept their word more frequently, showed more mercy to the defeated, and were seldom guilty of the brutality as marked the Christian capture of Jerusalem in 1099.” (p.&nbsp;341)
+## The Grandeur and Decline of Islam: 1058–1258<br/>"Moslems seem to have been better gentlemen than their Christian peers; they kept their word more frequently, showed more mercy to the defeated, and were seldom guilty of the brutality as marked the Christian capture of Jerusalem in 1099". (p.&nbsp;341)
-#'''[[Jewish history|Judaic]] Civilization: AD 135-1300'''
+#'''Judaic Civilization: AD 135-1300'''
-##The [[Talmud]]: 135–500
+## The Talmud: 135–500
-##The Medieval Jews: 500–1300
+## The Medieval Jews: 500–1300
-##The Mind and Heart of the Jew: 500–1300
+## The Mind and Heart of the Jew: 500–1300
-#'''The [[Dark Ages (historiography)|Dark Ages]]: AD 566–1095'''
+#'''The Dark Ages: AD 566–1095'''
-##The Byzantine World: 566–1095
+## The Byzantine World: 566–1095
-##The Decline of the West: 566–1066
+## The Decline of the West: 566–1066
-##The Rise of [[Nordic countries|the North]]: 566–1066
+## The Rise of the North: 566–1066
-##Christianity in Conflict: 529–1085
+## Christianity in Conflict: 529–1085
-##[[Feudalism]] and [[Chivalry]]: 600–1200
+## Feudalism and Chivalry: 600–1200
-#'''The Climax of [[History of Christianity|Christianity]]: 1095–1300'''
+#'''The Climax of Christianity: 1095–1300'''
-##The [[Crusades]]: 1095–1291
+## The Crusades: 1095–1291
-##The Economic Revolution: 1066–1300
+## The Economic Revolution: 1066–1300
-##The Recovery of Europe: 1095–1300
+## The Recovery of Europe: 1095–1300
-##Pre-Renaissance Italy: 1057–1308
+## Pre-Renaissance Italy: 1057–1308
-##The [[Roman Catholic Church]]: 1095–1294
+## The Roman Catholic Church: 1095–1294
-##The Early [[Inquisition]]: 1000–1300
+## The Early Inquisition: 1000–1300
-##[[Monk]]s and [[Friar]]s: 1095–1300
+## Monks and Friars: 1095–1300
-##The Morals and Manners of [[Christendom]]: 700–1300
+## The Morals and Manners of Christendom: 700–1300
-##The Resurrection of the [[Medieval art|Arts]]: 1095–1300
+## The Resurrection of the Arts: 1095–1300
-##The [[Gothic architecture|Gothic]] Flowering: 1095–1300
+## The Gothic Flowering: 1095–1300
-##[[Medieval music|Medieval Music]]: 326–1300
+## Medieval Music: 326–1300
-##The Transmission of Knowledge: 1000–1300
+## The Transmission of Knowledge: 1000–1300
-##[[Peter Abelard|Abélard]]: 1079–1142
+## Abélard: 1079–1142
-##The Adventure of [[Reason]]: 1120–1308
+## The Adventure of Reason: 1120–1308
-##Christian [[History of science in the Middle Ages|Science]]: 1095–1300
+## Christian Science: 1095–1300
-##The Age of [[Romance (heroic literature)|Romance]]: 1100–1300
+## The Age of Romance: 1100–1300
-##[[Dante Alighieri|Dante]]: 1265–1321<br>"All in all, the picture we form of the medieval Latin Church is that of a complex organization doing its best, despite the human frailties of its adherents and leaders, to establish moral and social order, and to spread an uplifting and consoling faith, amid the wreckage of an old civilization and the passions of an adolescent society." (p.&nbsp;818)
+## Dante: 1265–1321<br/>"All in all, the picture we form of the medieval Latin Church is that of a complex organization doing its best, despite the human frailties of its adherents and leaders, to establish moral and social order, and to spread an uplifting and consoling faith, amid the wreckage of an old civilization and the passions of an adolescent society". (p.&nbsp;818)
-: Epilogue: The [[Middle Ages|Medieval]] Legacy
+: Epilogue: The Medieval Legacy
 ===V. ''The Renaissance'' (1953)===

@@ Line 415: / Line 415: @@
 ===XI. ''The Age of Napoleon'' (1975)===
-This volume centers on [[Napoleon I of France]] and  his times.
+This volume centers on Napoleon I of France and his times.
-#'''The [[French Revolution]]: 1789–99'''
+#'''The French Revolution: 1789–99'''
-##The Background of Revolution: 1774–89
+## The Background of Revolution: 1774–89
-##[[National Constituent Assembly (France)|The National Assembly]]: May 4, 1789 – September 30, 1791
+## The National Assembly: 4 May 1789 – 30 September 1791
-##[[French Legislative Assembly|The Legislative Assembly]]: October 1, 1791 – September 20, 1792
+## The Legislative Assembly: 1 October 1791 – 20 September 1792
-##[[French Convention|The Convention]]: September 21, 1792 – October 26, 1795
+## The Convention: 21 September 1792 – 26 October 1795
-##[[French Directory|The Directory]]: November 2, 1795 – November 9, 1799
+## The Directory: 2 November 1795 – 9 November 1799
-##Life Under the Revolution: 1789–99
+## Life Under the Revolution: 1789–99
 #'''Napoleon Ascendant: 1799–1811'''
-##[[First Consul|The Consulate]]: November 11, 1799 – May 18, 1804
+## The Consulate: 11 November 1799 – 18 May 1804
-##The New Empire: 1804–07
+## The New Empire: 1804–07
-##The Mortal Realm: 1807–11
+## The Mortal Realm: 1807–11
-##[[Napoleon I of France|Napoleon]] Himself
+## Napoleon Himself
-##Napoleonic France: 1800–1815
+## Napoleonic France: 1800–1815
-##Napoleon and the Arts
+## Napoleon and the Arts
-##Literature versus Napoleon
+## Literature versus Napoleon
-##Science and Philosophy under Napoleon <br>"It was a typical Napoleonic campaign: swift, victorious, and futile." (p.&nbsp;228)
+## Science and Philosophy under Napoleon<br/>"It was a typical Napoleonic campaign: swift, victorious, and futile". (p.&nbsp;228)
-#'''[[United Kingdom|Britain]]: 1789–1812'''
+#'''Britain: 1789–1812'''
-##England at Work
+## England at Work
-##English Life
+## English Life
-##The Arts in England
+## The Arts in England
-##Science in England
+## Science in England
-##English Philosophy
+## English Philosophy
-##Literature in Transition
+## Literature in Transition
-##[[Lake Poets|The Lake Poets]]: 1770–1850
+## The Lake Poets: 1770–1850
-##The Rebel Poets: 1788–1824
+## The Rebel Poets: 1788–1824
-##England's Neighbors: 1789–1815
+## England's Neighbors: 1789–1815
-##[[William Pitt the Younger|Pitt]], [[Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson|Nelson]], and Napoleon: 1789–1812
+## Pitt, Nelson, and Napoleon: 1789–1812
 #'''The Challenged Kings: 1789–1812'''
-##[[Iberian Peninsula|Iberia]]
+## Iberia
-##Italy and Its Conquerors: 1789–1813
+## Italy and Its Conquerors: 1789–1813
-##Austria: 1780–1812
+## Austria: 1780–1812
-##[[Ludwig van Beethoven|Beethoven]]: 1770–1827
+## Beethoven: 1770–1827
-##Germany and Napoleon: 1786–1811
+## Germany and Napoleon: 1786–1811
-##The German People: 1789–1812
+## The German People: 1789–1812
-##German Literature: 1789–1815
+## German Literature: 1789–1815
-##German Philosophy: 1789–1815
+## German Philosophy: 1789–1815
-##Around the [[The Geographical Pivot of History|Heartland]]: 1789–1812
+## Around the Heartland: 1789–1812
-##Russia: 1796–1812<br>" ... she entered upon a series of adventures, in one of which she was surprised with motherhood." (p.&nbsp;633)
+## Russia: 1796–1812<br/>" ... she entered upon a series of adventures, in one of which she was surprised with motherhood". (p.&nbsp;633)
 #'''Finale: 1811–1815'''
-##To [[Moscow]]: 1811–12
+## To Moscow: 1811–12
-##To [[Elba]]: 1813–14
+## To Elba: 1813–14
-##To [[Battle of Waterloo|Waterloo]]: 1814–15
+## To Waterloo: 1814–15
-##To [[Saint Helena|St. Helena]]
+## To St. Helena
-##To the End
+## To the End
-##Afterward: 1815–40
+## Afterward: 1815–40
 ==References==

@@ Line 364: / Line 364: @@
 ===X. ''Rousseau and Revolution'' (1967)===
-This volume centers on [[Jean-Jacques Rousseau]] and his times. It received the [[Pulitzer Prize for General Non-Fiction]] in 1968.<ref Name="Pulitzer">"Pulitzer Prize Winners: General Non-Fiction". pulitzer.org. Retrieved 2008-02-29.</ref>
+This volume centers on Jean-Jacques Rousseau and his times. It received the Pulitzer Prize for General Non-Fiction in 1968.<ref Name="Pulitzer">"Pulitzer Prize Winners: General Non-Fiction". pulitzer.org. Retrieved 2008-02-29.</ref>
 #'''Prelude'''
-##Rousseau Wanderer: 1712–56
+## Rousseau Wanderer: 1712–56
-##[[Seven Years' War|The Seven Years' War]]: 1756–63
+## The Seven Years' War: 1756–63
 #'''France Before the Deluge: 1757–74'''
-##The Life of the State
+## The Life of the State
-##The Art of Life
+## The Art of Life
-##[[Voltaire]] Patriarch: 1758–78
+## Voltaire Patriarch: 1758–78
-##Rousseau Romantic: 1756–62
+## Rousseau Romantic: 1756–62
-##Rousseau Philosopher
+## Rousseau Philosopher
-##Rousseau Outcast: 1762–67
+## Rousseau Outcast: 1762–67
-#'''The [[Roman Catholic Church|Catholic]] South: 1715–89'''
+#'''The Catholic South: 1715–89'''
-##''[[Italy|Italia]] Felix:'' 1715–59
+## ''Italia Felix:'' 1715–59
-##Portugal and [[Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo, 1st Marquess of Pombal|Pombal]]: 1706–82
+## Portugal and Pombal: 1706–82
-##[[Enlightenment Spain|Spain and the Enlightenment]]: 1700–88
+## Spain and the Enlightenment: 1700–88
-##''Vale, Italia:'' 1760–89
+## ''Vale, Italia:'' 1760–89
-##The Enlightenment in Austria: 1756–90
+## The Enlightenment in Austria: 1756–90
-##Music Reformed
+## Music Reformed
-##[[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart|Mozart]] <br>“Lovers under a window plucked at a guitar or mandolin and a maiden’s heart.” (p.&nbsp;220)
+## Mozart<br/>"Lovers under a window plucked at a guitar or mandolin and a maiden's heart". (p.&nbsp;220)
-#'''[[Islam]] and the [[Slavs|Slavic]] East: 1715–96'''
+#'''Islam and the Slavic East: 1715–96'''
-##Islam: 1715–96
+## Islam: 1715–96
-##Russian Interlude: 1725–62
+## Russian Interlude: 1725–62
-##[[Catherine II of Russia|Catherine the Great]]: 1762–96
+## Catherine the Great: 1762–96
-##The [[Partitions of Poland|Rape of Poland]]: 1715–95
+## The Rape of Poland: 1715–95
-#'''The [[Protestantism|Protestant]] North: 1756–89'''
+#'''The Protestant North: 1756–89'''
-##[[Frederick II of Prussia|Frederick's]] [[Prussia|Germany]]: 1756–86
+## Frederick's Germany: 1756–86
-##[[Immanuel Kant|Kant]]: 1724–1804
+## Kant: 1724–1804
-##Roads to [[Weimar]]: 1733–87
+## Roads to Weimar: 1733–87
-##[[Weimar]] in Flower: 1775–1805
+## Weimar in Flower: 1775–1805
-##[[Johann Wolfgang Goethe|Goethe]] Nestor: 1805–32
+## Goethe Nestor: 1805–32
-##The [[Jew]]s: 1715–89
+## The Jews: 1715–89
-##From [[Geneva]] to [[Stockholm]] <br>“He concluded that history is an excellent teacher with few pupils.” (p.&nbsp;529)
+## From Geneva to Stockholm<br>"He concluded that history is an excellent teacher with few pupils". (p.&nbsp;529)
-#'''[[Samuel Johnson|Johnson's]] England: 1756–89'''
+#'''Johnson's England: 1756–89'''
-##[[Industrial Revolution|The Industrial Revolution]]
+## The Industrial Revolution
-##The Political Drama: 1756–92
+## The Political Drama: 1756–92
-##The English People: 1756–89
+## The English People: 1756–89
-##The Age of [[Joshua Reynolds|Reynolds]]: 1756–90
+## The Age of Reynolds: 1756–90
-##England's Neighbors: 1756–89
+## England's Neighbors: 1756–89
-##The Literary Scene: 1756–89
+## The Literary Scene: 1756–89
-##[[Samuel Johnson]]: 1709–84
+## Samuel Johnson: 1709–84
-#'''The Collapse of [[Feudalism|Feudal]] France: 1774–89'''
+#'''The Collapse of Feudal France: 1774–89'''
-##The Final Glory: 1774–83
+## The Final Glory: 1774–83
-##Death and the Philosophers: 1774–1807
+## Death and the Philosophers: 1774–1807
-##On the Eve: 1774–89
+## On the Eve: 1774–89
-##The Anatomy of Revolution: 1774–89
+## The Anatomy of Revolution: 1774–89
-##The Political Debacle: 1783–89
+## The Political Debacle: 1783–89
-#Envoi
+# Envoi
 ===XI. ''The Age of Napoleon'' (1975)===

@@ Line 331: / Line 331: @@
 ===IX. ''The Age of Voltaire'' (1965)===
-This volume covers the period of the [[Age of Enlightenment]], as exemplified by [[Voltaire]], focusing on the period between 1715 and 1756 in France, Britain, and Germany.
+This volume covers the period of the Age of Enlightenment, as exemplified by Voltaire, focusing on the period between 1715 and 1756 in France, Britain, and Germany.
-#'''[[Régence|France: The Regency]]'''
+#'''France: The Regency'''
 #'''England: 1714–56'''
-##The People
+## The People
-##The Rulers
+## The Rulers
-##[[Religion]] and [[Philosophy]]
+## Religion and Philosophy
-##[[Literature]] and [[Drama|the Stage]]
+## Literature and the Stage
-##[[Art]] and [[Music]]
+## Art and Music
 #'''France: 1723–56'''
-##The People and the State
+## The People and the State
-##Morals and Manners
+## Morals and Manners
-##The Worship of Beauty
+## The Worship of Beauty
-##The Play of the Mind
+## The Play of the Mind
-##[[Voltaire]] in France <br>”Women, when on display, dressed as in our wondering youth, when the female structure was a breathless mystery costly to behold.” (p.&nbsp;75)
+## Voltaire in France<br/>"Women, when on display, dressed as in our wondering youth, when the female structure was a breathless mystery costly to behold". (p.&nbsp;75)
 #'''Middle Europe: 1713–56'''
-##The Germany of [[Bach]]
+## The Germany of Bach
-##[[Frederick the Great]] and [[Maria Theresa of Austria|Maria Theresa]]
+## Frederick the Great and Maria Theresa
-##Switzerland and [[Voltaire]]
+## Switzerland and Voltaire
 #'''The Advancement of Learning: 1715–89'''
-##The Scholars
+## The Scholars
-##The [[Science|Scientific]] Advance
+## The Scientific Advance
-##[[Medicine]]
+## Medicine
-#'''The Attack Upon [[Christianity]]: 1730–74'''
+#'''The Attack Upon Christianity: 1730–74'''
-##[[Atheism|The Atheists]]
+## The Atheists
-##[[Denis Diderot|Diderot]] and the [[Encyclopédie|Encyclopedie]]
+## Diderot and the Encyclopedie
-##[[Denis Diderot|Diderot]] Proteus
+## Diderot Proteus
-##The Spreading Campaign
+## The Spreading Campaign
-##[[Voltaire]] and [[Christianity]]
+## Voltaire and Christianity
-##The Triumph of the [[Philosophe]]s
+## The Triumph of the Philosophes
 ===X. ''Rousseau and Revolution'' (1967)===

@@ Line 297: / Line 297: @@
 ===VIII. ''The Age of Louis XIV'' (1963)===
-This volume covers the period of [[Louis XIV of France]] in Europe and the Near East.
+This volume covers the period of Louis XIV of France in Europe and the Near East.
 #'''The French Zenith: 1643–1715'''
-##The Sun Rises: 1643–84
+## The Sun Rises: 1643–84
-##The Crucible of Faith: 1643–1715
+## The Crucible of Faith: 1643–1715
-##The King and the Arts: 1643–1715
+## The King and the Arts: 1643–1715
-##[[Molière]]: 1622–73
+## Molière: 1622–73
-##The Classic Zenith in [[French Literature]]: 1643–1715
+## The Classic Zenith in French Literature: 1643–1715
-##Tragedy in the [[Netherlands]]: 1649–1715 <br>“It was an age of strict manners and loose morals.” (p.&nbsp;27) <br>”Like the others, he came from the [[middle class]]; the [[aristocracy]] is too interested in the art of life to spare time for the life of art.” (p.&nbsp;144)
+## Tragedy in the Netherlands: 1649–1715<br/>"It was an age of strict manners and loose morals". (p.&nbsp;27)<br/>"Like the others, he came from the middle class; the aristocracy is too interested in the art of life to spare time for the life of art". (p.&nbsp;144)
 #'''England: 1649–1714'''
-##[[Oliver Cromwell|Cromwell]]: 1649–60
+## Cromwell: 1649–60
-##[[John Milton|Milton]]: 1608–74
+## Milton: 1608–74
-##[[English Restoration|The Restoration]]: 1660–85
+## The Restoration: 1660–85
-##[[Glorious Revolution|The Glorious Revolution]]: 1685–1714
+## The Glorious Revolution: 1685–1714
-##From [[John Dryden|Dryden]] to [[Jonathan Swift|Swift]]: 1660–1714
+## From Dryden to Swift: 1660–1714
 #'''The Periphery: 1648–1715'''
-##The Struggle for the [[Baltic countries|Baltic]]: 1648–1721
+## The Struggle for the Baltic: 1648–1721
-##[[Peter I of Russia|Peter the Great]]: 1698–1725
+## Peter the Great: 1698–1725
-##The Changing Empire: 1648–1715
+## The Changing Empire: 1648–1715
-##The Fallow South: 1648–1715
+## The Fallow South: 1648–1715
-##The Jewish Enclaves: 1564–1715
+## The Jewish Enclaves: 1564–1715
 #'''The Intellectual Adventure: 1648–1715'''
-##From Superstition to Scholarship: 1648–1715
+## From Superstition to Scholarship: 1648–1715
-##The Scientific Quest: 1648–1715
+## The Scientific Quest: 1648–1715
-##[[Isaac Newton]]: 1642–1727
+## Isaac Newton: 1642–1727
-##English Philosophy: 1648–1715
+## English Philosophy: 1648–1715
-##Faith and Reason in France: 1648–1715
+## Faith and Reason in France: 1648–1715
-##[[Baruch Spinoza|Spinoza]]: 1632–77
+## Spinoza: 1632–77
-##[[Gottfried Leibniz|Leibniz]]: 1646–1716
+## Leibniz: 1646–1716
 #'''France Against Europe: 1683–1715'''
-##The Sun Sets
+## The Sun Sets
 ===IX. ''The Age of Voltaire'' (1965)===

@@ Line 268: / Line 268: @@
 This volume covers the history of Europe and the Near East from 1559 to 1648.
-#'''[[English Renaissance|The English Ecstasy]]: 1558–1648'''
+#'''The English Ecstasy: 1558–1648'''
-##[[Elizabeth I of England|The Great Queen]]: 1558–1603
+## The Great Queen: 1558–1603
-##Merrie England: 1558–1625
+## Merrie England: 1558–1625
-##On the Slopes of [[Parnassus]]: 1558–1603
+## On the Slopes of Parnassus: 1558–1603
-##[[William Shakespeare]]: 1564–1616
+## William Shakespeare: 1564–1616
-##[[Mary, Queen of Scots]]: 1542–87
+## Mary, Queen of Scots: 1542–87
-##[[James I of England|James VI and I]]: 1567–1625
+## James VI and I: 1567–1625
-##The Summons to [[Reason]]: 1558–1649
+## The Summons to Reason: 1558–1649
-##[[English Civil War|The Great Rebellion]]: 1625–49<br>“Witches were burned, and Jesuits were taken down from the scaffold to be cut to pieces alive.  The milk of human kindness flowed sluggishly in the days of Good Queen Bess.” (p.&nbsp;54)
+## The Great Rebellion: 1625–49<br/>"Witches were burned, and Jesuits were taken down from the scaffold to be cut to pieces alive. The milk of human kindness flowed sluggishly in the days of Good Queen Bess". (p.&nbsp;54)
 #'''The Faiths Fight For Power: 1556–1648'''
-##''Alma Mater [[Italy|Italia]]:'' 1564–1648
+## ''Alma Mater Italia:'' 1564–1648
-##Grandeur and Decadence of Spain: 1556–1665
+## Grandeur and Decadence of Spain: 1556–1665
-##The Golden Age of [[Spanish Literature]]: 1556–1665
+## The Golden Age of Spanish Literature: 1556–1665
-##The Golden Age of [[Spanish Golden Age|Spanish Art]]: 1556–1682
+## The Golden Age of Spanish Art: 1556–1682
-##The Duel for France: 1559–74
+## The Duel for France: 1559–74
-##[[Henry IV of France|Henry IV]]: 1553–1610
+## Henry IV: 1553–1610
-##[[Cardinal Richelieu|Richelieu]]: 1585–1642
+## Richelieu: 1585–1642
-##France Beneath the Wars: 1559–1643
+## France Beneath the Wars: 1559–1643
-##[[Eighty Years' War|The Revolt of the Netherlands]]: 1558–1648
+## The Revolt of the Netherlands: 1558–1648
-##From [[Peter Paul Rubens|Rubens]] to [[Rembrandt]]: 1555–1660
+## From Rubens to Rembrandt: 1555–1660
-##The Rise of the [[Northern Europe|North]]: 1559–1648
+## The Rise of the North: 1559–1648
-##The Islamic Challenge: 1566–1648
+## The Islamic Challenge: 1566–1648
-##Imperial Armageddon: 1564–1648<br>"The stones in his bladder bothered him more than the wars of France."(p.&nbsp;411)
+## Imperial Armageddon: 1564–1648<br/>"The stones in his bladder bothered him more than the wars of France". (p.&nbsp;411)
 #'''The Tentatives of Reason: 1558–1648'''
-##Science in the Age of [[Galileo Galilei|Galileo]]: 1558–1648
+## Science in the Age of Galileo: 1558–1648
-##Philosophy Reborn: 1564–1648<br>"Is Christianity dying? ... If this is so, it is the basic event of modern times, for the soul of a civilization is its religion, and it dies with its faith." (p.&nbsp;613)
+## Philosophy Reborn: 1564–1648<br/>"Is Christianity dying? ... If this is so, it is the basic event of modern times, for the soul of a civilization is its religion, and it dies with its faith". (p.&nbsp;613)
 ===VIII. ''The Age of Louis XIV'' (1963)===

@@ Line 216: / Line 216: @@
 ===VI. ''The Reformation'' (1957)===
-This volume covers the history of Europe outside of Italy from around 1300 to 1564, focusing on the [[Protestant Reformation]].
+This volume covers the history of Europe outside of Italy from around 1300 to 1564, focusing on the Protestant Reformation.
-#'''From [[John Wyclif]] to [[Martin Luther]]: 1300–1517'''
+#'''From John Wyclif to Martin Luther: 1300–1517'''
-##The [[Roman Catholic Church]]: 1300–1517
+## The Roman Catholic Church: 1300–1517
-##[[England]], Wyclif, [[Geoffrey Chaucer|Chaucer]], and the [[Peasants' Revolt|Great Revolt]]: 1308–1400
+## England, Wyclif, Chaucer, and the Great Revolt: 1308–1400
-##[[France]] Besieged: 1300–1461
+## France Besieged: 1300–1461
-##[[Gallia]] Phoenix: 1453–1515
+## Gallia Phoenix: 1453–1515
-##England in the Fifteenth Century: 1399–1509
+## England in the Fifteenth Century: 1399–1509
-##Episode in [[Duchy of Burgundy|Burgundy]]: 1363–1515
+## Episode in Burgundy: 1363–1515
-##[[Central Europe|Middle Europe]]: 1300–1460
+## Middle Europe: 1300–1460
-##The [[West Slavs|Western Slavs]]: 1300–1516
+## The Western Slavs: 1300–1516
-##The [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] Tide: 1300–1516
+## The Ottoman Tide: 1300–1516
-##[[Portugal]] Inaugurates the [[Commercial Revolution]]: 1300–1517
+## Portugal Inaugurates the Commercial Revolution: 1300–1517
-##[[Spain]]: 1300–1517
+## Spain: 1300–1517
-##The Growth of Knowledge: 1300–1517
+## The Growth of Knowledge: 1300–1517
-##The Conquest of the Sea: 1492–1517
+## The Conquest of the Sea: 1492–1517
-##[[Desiderius Erasmus|Erasmus]] the Forerunner: 1469–1517
+## Erasmus the Forerunner: 1469–1517
-##Germany on the Eve of [[Martin Luther|Luther]]: 1453–1517
+## Germany on the Eve of Luther: 1453–1517
-#'''[[Protestant Reformation|The Religious Revolution]]: 1517–64'''
+#'''The Religious Revolution: 1517–64'''
-##[[Martin Luther|Luther]]: The Reformation in [[Germany]]: 1517–24
+## Luther: The Reformation in Germany: 1517–24
-##The Social Revolution: 1522–36
+## The Social Revolution: 1522–36
-##[[Huldrych Zwingli|Zwingli]]: The Reformation in [[Switzerland]]: 1477–1531
+## Zwingli: The Reformation in Switzerland: 1477–1531
-##Luther and [[Erasmus]]: 1517–36
+## Luther and Erasmus: 1517–36
-##The Faiths at War: 1525–60
+## The Faiths at War: 1525–60
-##[[John Calvin]]: 1509–64
+## John Calvin: 1509–64
-##[[Francis I of France|Francis I]] and the Reformation in France: 1515–59
+## Francis I and the Reformation in France: 1515–59
-##[[Henry VIII of England|Henry VIII]] and [[Thomas Wolsey|Cardinal Wolsey]]: 1509–29
+## Henry VIII and Cardinal Wolsey: 1509–29
-##Henry VIII and [[Thomas More]]: 1529–35
+## Henry VIII and Thomas More: 1529–35
-##Henry VIII and the [[Dissolution of the Monasteries|Monasteries]]: 1535–47
+## Henry VIII and the Monasteries: 1535–47
-##[[Edward VI of England|Edward VI]] and [[Mary I of England|Mary Tudor]]: 1547–58
+## Edward VI and Mary Tudor: 1547–58
-##From [[Robert I of Scotland|Robert Bruce]] to [[John Knox]]: 1300–1561
+## From Robert Bruce to John Knox: 1300–1561
-##The Migrations of Reform: 1517–60
+## The Migrations of Reform: 1517–60
 #'''The Strangers in the Gate: 1300–1566'''
-##The Unification of Russia: 1300–1584
+## The Unification of Russia: 1300–1584
-##The Genius of [[Islam]]: 1258–1520
+## The Genius of Islam: 1258–1520
-##[[Suleiman the Magnificent]]: 1520–66
+## Suleiman the Magnificent: 1520–66
-##The Jews: 1300–1564
+## The Jews: 1300–1564
 #'''Behind the Scenes: 1517–1564'''
-##The Life of the People
+## The Life of the People
-##Music: 1300–1564
+## Music: 1300–1564
-##Literature in the Age of [[François Rabelais|Rabelais]]
+## Literature in the Age of Rabelais
-##Art in the Age of [[Hans Holbein the Younger|Holbein]]
+## Art in the Age of Holbein
-##Science in the Age of [[Nicolaus Copernicus|Copernicus]]<br>”People then, as now, were judged more by their manners than by their morals; the world forgave more readily the sins that were committed with the least vulgarity and the greatest grace.  Here, as in everything but artillery and theology, Italy led the way.” (p.&nbsp;766)
+## Science in the Age of Copernicus<br/>"People then, as now, were judged more by their manners than by their morals; the world forgave more readily the sins that were committed with the least vulgarity and the greatest grace. Here, as in everything but artillery and theology, Italy led the way". (p.&nbsp;766)
-#'''The [[Counter-Reformation|Counter Reformation]]: 1517–65'''
+#'''The Counter Reformation: 1517–65'''
-##The Church and Reform
+## The Church and Reform
-##The Popes and the [[Council of Trent|Council]]
+## The Popes and the Council
-: Epilogue: Renaissance, [[Protestant Reformation|Reformation]], and [[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]]
+: Epilogue: Renaissance, Reformation, and Enlightenment
 ===VII. ''The Age of Reason Begins'' (1961)===