Difference between revisions of "The Story of Civilization"

Revision as of 19:36, 10 March 2018

The Story of Civilization, by husband and wife Will and Ariel Durant, is an eleven-volume set of books covering Western history for the general reader.

Series outline

I. Our Oriental Heritage (1935)

This volume covers Near Eastern history until the fall of the Persian Empire in the 330s BC, and the history of India, China, and Japan up to the 1930s.

"Every chapter, every paragraph in this book will offend or amuse some patriotic or esoteric soul: the Orthodox Jew will need all his ancestral patience to forgive the pages on Yahveh; the metaphysical Hindu will mourn this superficial scratching of Indian philosophy; The Chinese or Japanese sage will smile indulgently at these brief and inadequate selections from the wealth of Far Eastern literature and thought. ... Meanwhile a weary author may sympathize with Tai T’ung, who in the thirteenth century issued his 'History of Chinese Writing' with these words: 'Were I to await perfection, my book would never be finished'". (p.ix)

1. The Establishment of Civilization
   1. The Conditions of Civilization
   2. The Economic Elements of Civilization
   3. The Political Elements of Civilization
   4. The Moral Elements of Civilization
   5. The Mental Elements of Civilization
   6. The Prehistoric Beginnings of Civilization
      "The moulders of the world's myths were unsuccessful husbands, for they agreed that woman was the source of all evil". (page 70)
2. The Near East
   1. Sumeria
   2. Egypt
   3. Babylonia
   4. Assyria
   5. A Motley of Nations
   6. Judea
   7. Persia
      "For barbarism is always around civilization, amid it and beneath it, ready to engulf it by arms, or mass migration, or unchecked fertility. Barbarism is like the jungle; it never admits its defeat; it waits patiently for centuries to recover the territory it has lost". (page 265)
3. India and Her Neighbors
   1. The Foundations of India
   2. Buddha
   3. From Alexander to Aurangzeb
   4. The Life of the People
   5. The Paradise of the Gods
   6. The Life of the Mind
   7. The Literature of India
   8. Indian Art
   9. A Christian Epilogue
      On the fall of India to the Moguls: "The bitter lesson that may be drawn from this tragedy is that eternal vigilance is the price of civilization. A nation must love peace, but keep its powder dry". (page 463)
4. The Far East
   1. The Age of the Philosophers
   2. The Age of the Poets
   3. The Age of the Artists
   4. The People and the State
   5. Revolution and Renewal
      On China in 1935: "No victory of arms, or tyranny of alien finance, can long suppress a nation so rich in resources and vitality. The invader will lose funds or patience before the loins of China will lose virility; within a century China will have absorbed and civilized her conquerors, and will have learned all the technique of what transiently bears the name of modern industry; roads and communications will give her unity, economy and thrift will give her funds, and a strong government will give her order and peace". (page 823)
5. Japan
   1. The Makers of Japan
   2. The Political and Moral Foundations
   3. The Mind and Art of Old Japan
   4. The New Japan
      On Japan in 1935: "By every historical precedent the next act will be war]]".

II. The Life of Greece (1939)

This volume covers Ancient Greece and the Hellenistic Near East down to the Roman conquest.

1. Aegean Prelude: 3500–1000 BC
   1. Crete
   2. Before Agamemnon
   3. The Heroic Age
2. The Rise of Greece: 1000–480 BC
   1. Sparta
   2. Athens
   3. The Great Migration
   4. The Greeks in the West
   5. The Gods of Greece
   6. The Common Culture of Early Greece
   7. The Struggle for Freedom
      "The realization of self-government was something new in the world; life without kings had not yet been dared by any great society. Out of this proud sense of independence, individual and collective, came a powerful stimulus to every enterprise of the Greeks; it was their liberty that inspired them to incredible accomplishments in arts and letters, in science and philosophy". (p. 233)
3. The Golden Age: 480–399 BC
   1. Pericles and the Democratic Experiment
   2. Work and Wealth in Athens
   3. The Morals and Manners of the Athenians
   4. The Art of Periclean Greece
   5. The Advancement of Learning
   6. The Conflict of Philosophy and Religion
   7. The Literature of the Golden Age
   8. The Suicide of Greece
      "As surprising as anything else in this civilization is the fact that it was brilliant without the aid or stimulus of women". (p. 305)
4. The Decline and Fall of Greek Freedom: 399–322 BC
   1. Philip
   2. Letters and Arts in the Fourth Century
   3. The Zenith of Philosophy
   4. Alexander
      "The class war had turned democracy into a contest in legislative looting". (p. 554)
5. The Hellenistic Dispersion: 322–146 BC
   1. Greece and Macedonia
   2. Hellenism and the Orient
   3. Egypt and the West
   4. Books
   5. The Art of the Dispersion
   6. The Climax of Greek Science
   7. The Surrender of Philosophy
   8. The Coming of Rome
      "We have tried to show that the essential cause of the Roman conquest of Greece was the disintegration of Greek civilization from within. No great nation is ever conquered until it has destroyed itself". (p. 659)

Epilogue: Our Greek Heritage

III. Caesar and Christ (1944)

The volume covers the history of Rome and of Christianity until the time of Constantine the Great.

1. Introduction: Origins
   1. Etruscan Prelude: 800–508 BC
2. The Republic: 508–30 BC
   1. The Struggle for Democracy: 508–264 BC
   2. Hannibal Against Rome: 264 BC-202 BC
   3. Stoic Rome: 508–202 BC
   4. The Greek Conquest: 201 BC-146 BC
      "The new generation, having inherited world mastery, had no time or inclination to defend it; that readiness for war which had characterized the Roman landowner disappeared now that ownership was concentrated in a few families and a proletariat without stake in the country filled the slums of Rome". (p. 90)
3. The Revolution: 145–30 BC
   1. The Agrarian Revolt: 145–78 BC
   2. The Oligarchic Reaction: 77–60 BC
   3. Literature Under the Revolution: 145–30 BC
   4. Caesar: 100–44 BC
   5. Antony: 44–30 BC
      "Children were now luxuries which only the poor could afford". (p. 134)
4. The Principate: 30 BC-AD 192
   1. Augustan Statesmanship: 30 BC-AD 14
   2. The Golden Age: 30 BC-AD 18
   3. The Other Side of Monarchy: AD 14–96
   4. The Silver Age: AD 14–96
   5. Rome at Work: AD 14–96
   6. Rome and its Art: 30 BC-AD 96
   7. Epicurean Rome: 30 BC-AD 96
   8. Roman Law: 146 BC-AD 192
   9. The Philosopher Kings: AD 96–180
   10. Life and Thought in the Second Century: AD 96–192
       If Rome had not engulfed so many men of alien blood in so brief a time, if she had passed all these newcomers through her schools instead of her slums, if she had treated them as men with a hundred potential excellences, if she had occasionally closed her gates to let assimilation catch up with infiltration, she might have gained new racial and literary vitality from the infusion, and might have remained a Roman Rome, the voice and citadel of the West". (p. 366)
5. The Empire: AD 146-AD 192
   1. Italy
   2. Civilizing the West
   3. Roman Greece
   4. The Hellenistic Revival
   5. Rome and Judea: 132 BC-AD 135
6. The Youth of Christianity: 4 BC-AD 325
   1. Jesus: 4 BC-AD 30
   2. The Apostles: AD 30–95
   3. The Growth of the Church: AD 96–305
   4. The Collapse of the Empire: AD 193–305
   5. The Triumph of Christianity: AD 306–325

Epilogue
"Rome was not destroyed by Christianity, any more than by barbarian invasion; it was an empty shell when Christianity rose to influence and invasion came". (p.667-668)

IV. The Age of Faith (1950)

This volume covers the Middle Ages in both Europe and the Near East, from the time of Constantine I to that of Dante Alighieri.

1. The Byzantine Zenith: AD 325–565
   1. Julian the Apostate: 332-63
   2. The Triumph of the Barbarians: 325–476
   3. The Progress of Christianity: 364–451
   4. Europe Takes Form: 325–529
   5. Justinian: 527-65
   6. Byzantine Civilization: 337–565
   7. The Persians: 224–641
      "Historically, the conquest destroyed the outward form of what had already inwardly decayed; it cleared away with regrettable brutality and thoroughness a system of life which, with all its gifts of order, culture, and law, had worn itself into senile debility, and had lost the powers of regeneration and growth". (p. 43)
2. Islamic Civilization: AD 569–1258
   1. Mohammed: 569–632
   2. The Koran
   3. The Sword of Islam: 632–1058
   4. The Islamic Scene: 632–1058
   5. Thought and Art in Eastern Islam: 632–1058
   6. Western Islam: 641–1086
   7. The Grandeur and Decline of Islam: 1058–1258
      "Moslems seem to have been better gentlemen than their Christian peers; they kept their word more frequently, showed more mercy to the defeated, and were seldom guilty of the brutality as marked the Christian capture of Jerusalem in 1099". (p. 341)
3. Judaic Civilization: AD 135-1300
   1. The Talmud: 135–500
   2. The Medieval Jews: 500–1300
   3. The Mind and Heart of the Jew: 500–1300
4. The Dark Ages: AD 566–1095
   1. The Byzantine World: 566–1095
   2. The Decline of the West: 566–1066
   3. The Rise of the North: 566–1066
   4. Christianity in Conflict: 529–1085
   5. Feudalism and Chivalry: 600–1200
5. The Climax of Christianity: 1095–1300
   1. The Crusades: 1095–1291
   2. The Economic Revolution: 1066–1300
   3. The Recovery of Europe: 1095–1300
   4. Pre-Renaissance Italy: 1057–1308
   5. The Roman Catholic Church: 1095–1294
   6. The Early Inquisition: 1000–1300
   7. Monks and Friars: 1095–1300
   8. The Morals and Manners of Christendom: 700–1300
   9. The Resurrection of the Arts: 1095–1300
   10. The Gothic Flowering: 1095–1300
   11. Medieval Music: 326–1300
   12. The Transmission of Knowledge: 1000–1300
   13. Abélard: 1079–1142
   14. The Adventure of Reason: 1120–1308
   15. Christian Science: 1095–1300
   16. The Age of Romance: 1100–1300
   17. Dante: 1265–1321
       "All in all, the picture we form of the medieval Latin Church is that of a complex organization doing its best, despite the human frailties of its adherents and leaders, to establish moral and social order, and to spread an uplifting and consoling faith, amid the wreckage of an old civilization and the passions of an adolescent society". (p. 818)

Epilogue: The Medieval Legacy

V. The Renaissance (1953)

This volume covers the history of Italy from c.1300 to the mid 16th century, focusing on the Italian Renaissance.

1. Prelude: 1300–77
   1. The Age of Petrarch and Boccaccio: 1304–75
   2. The Popes in Avignon: 1309–77
      "Venetian merchants invaded every market from Jerusalem to Antwerp; they traded impartially with Christians and Mohammedans, and papal excommunications fell upon them with all the force of dew upon the earth". (p. 39)
2. The Florentine Renaissance: 1378–1534
   1. The Rise of the Medici: 1378–1464
   2. The Golden Age: 1464–92
   3. Savonarola and the Republic: 1492–1534
      "But it took more than a revival of antiquity to make the Renaissance. And first of all it took money—smelly bourgeois money: ... of careful calculations, investments and loans, of interest and dividends accumulated until surplus could be spared from the pleasures of the flesh, from the purchase of senates, signories, and mistresses, to pay a Michelangelo or a Titian to transmute wealth into beauty, and perfume a fortune with the breath of art. Money is the root of all civilization". (p. 67-68)
3. Italian Pageant: 1378–1534
   1. Milan
   2. Leonardo da Vinci
   3. Tuscany and Umbria
   4. Mantua
   5. Ferrara
   6. Venice and Her Realm
   7. Emilia and the Marches
   8. The Kingdom of Naples
      "He was not handsome; like most great men, he was spared this distracting handicap". (p. 185)
4. The Roman Renaissance: 1378–1521
   1. The Crisis in the Church: 1378–1521
   2. The Renaissance Captures Rome: 1447–92
   3. The Borgias
   4. Julius II: 1503–13
   5. Leo X: 1513–21
5. Debacle
   1. The Intellectual Revolt
   2. The Moral Release
   3. The Political Collapse: 1494–1534
6. Finale: 1534–76
   1. Sunset in Venice
   2. The Waning of The Renaissance
7. Envoi

VI. The Reformation (1957)

This volume covers the history of Europe outside of Italy from around 1300 to 1564, focusing on the Protestant Reformation.

1. From John Wyclif to Martin Luther: 1300–1517
   1. The Roman Catholic Church: 1300–1517
   2. England, Wyclif, Chaucer, and the Great Revolt: 1308–1400
   3. France Besieged: 1300–1461
   4. Gallia Phoenix: 1453–1515
   5. England in the Fifteenth Century: 1399–1509
   6. Episode in Burgundy: 1363–1515
   7. Middle Europe: 1300–1460
   8. The Western Slavs: 1300–1516
   9. The Ottoman Tide: 1300–1516
   10. Portugal Inaugurates the Commercial Revolution: 1300–1517
   11. Spain: 1300–1517
   12. The Growth of Knowledge: 1300–1517
   13. The Conquest of the Sea: 1492–1517
   14. Erasmus the Forerunner: 1469–1517
   15. Germany on the Eve of Luther: 1453–1517
2. The Religious Revolution: 1517–64
   1. Luther: The Reformation in Germany: 1517–24
   2. The Social Revolution: 1522–36
   3. Zwingli: The Reformation in Switzerland: 1477–1531
   4. Luther and Erasmus: 1517–36
   5. The Faiths at War: 1525–60
   6. John Calvin: 1509–64
   7. Francis I and the Reformation in France: 1515–59
   8. Henry VIII and Cardinal Wolsey: 1509–29
   9. Henry VIII and Thomas More: 1529–35
   10. Henry VIII and the Monasteries: 1535–47
   11. Edward VI and Mary Tudor: 1547–58
   12. From Robert Bruce to John Knox: 1300–1561
   13. The Migrations of Reform: 1517–60
3. The Strangers in the Gate: 1300–1566
   1. The Unification of Russia: 1300–1584
   2. The Genius of Islam: 1258–1520
   3. Suleiman the Magnificent: 1520–66
   4. The Jews: 1300–1564
4. Behind the Scenes: 1517–1564
   1. The Life of the People
   2. Music: 1300–1564
   3. Literature in the Age of Rabelais
   4. Art in the Age of Holbein
   5. Science in the Age of Copernicus
      "People then, as now, were judged more by their manners than by their morals; the world forgave more readily the sins that were committed with the least vulgarity and the greatest grace. Here, as in everything but artillery and theology, Italy led the way". (p. 766)
5. The Counter Reformation: 1517–65
   1. The Church and Reform
   2. The Popes and the Council

Epilogue: Renaissance, Reformation, and Enlightenment

VII. The Age of Reason Begins (1961)

This volume covers the history of Europe and the Near East from 1559 to 1648.

1. The English Ecstasy: 1558–1648
   1. The Great Queen: 1558–1603
   2. Merrie England: 1558–1625
   3. On the Slopes of Parnassus: 1558–1603
   4. William Shakespeare: 1564–1616
   5. Mary, Queen of Scots: 1542–87
   6. James VI and I: 1567–1625
   7. The Summons to Reason: 1558–1649
   8. The Great Rebellion: 1625–49
      "Witches were burned, and Jesuits were taken down from the scaffold to be cut to pieces alive. The milk of human kindness flowed sluggishly in the days of Good Queen Bess". (p. 54)
2. The Faiths Fight For Power: 1556–1648
   1. Alma Mater Italia: 1564–1648
   2. Grandeur and Decadence of Spain: 1556–1665
   3. The Golden Age of Spanish Literature: 1556–1665
   4. The Golden Age of Spanish Art: 1556–1682
   5. The Duel for France: 1559–74
   6. Henry IV: 1553–1610
   7. Richelieu: 1585–1642
   8. France Beneath the Wars: 1559–1643
   9. The Revolt of the Netherlands: 1558–1648
   10. From Rubens to Rembrandt: 1555–1660
   11. The Rise of the North: 1559–1648
   12. The Islamic Challenge: 1566–1648
   13. Imperial Armageddon: 1564–1648
       "The stones in his bladder bothered him more than the wars of France". (p. 411)
3. The Tentatives of Reason: 1558–1648
   1. Science in the Age of Galileo: 1558–1648
   2. Philosophy Reborn: 1564–1648
      "Is Christianity dying? ... If this is so, it is the basic event of modern times, for the soul of a civilization is its religion, and it dies with its faith". (p. 613)

VIII. The Age of Louis XIV (1963)

This volume covers the period of Louis XIV of France in Europe and the Near East.

1. The French Zenith: 1643–1715
   1. The Sun Rises: 1643–84
   2. The Crucible of Faith: 1643–1715
   3. The King and the Arts: 1643–1715
   4. Molière: 1622–73
   5. The Classic Zenith in French Literature: 1643–1715
   6. Tragedy in the Netherlands: 1649–1715
      "It was an age of strict manners and loose morals". (p. 27)
      "Like the others, he came from the middle class; the aristocracy is too interested in the art of life to spare time for the life of art". (p. 144)
2. England: 1649–1714
   1. Cromwell: 1649–60
   2. Milton: 1608–74
   3. The Restoration: 1660–85
   4. The Glorious Revolution: 1685–1714
   5. From Dryden to Swift: 1660–1714
3. The Periphery: 1648–1715
   1. The Struggle for the Baltic: 1648–1721
   2. Peter the Great: 1698–1725
   3. The Changing Empire: 1648–1715
   4. The Fallow South: 1648–1715
   5. The Jewish Enclaves: 1564–1715
4. The Intellectual Adventure: 1648–1715
   1. From Superstition to Scholarship: 1648–1715
   2. The Scientific Quest: 1648–1715
   3. Isaac Newton: 1642–1727
   4. English Philosophy: 1648–1715
   5. Faith and Reason in France: 1648–1715
   6. Spinoza: 1632–77
   7. Leibniz: 1646–1716
5. France Against Europe: 1683–1715
   1. The Sun Sets

IX. The Age of Voltaire (1965)

This volume covers the period of the Age of Enlightenment, as exemplified by Voltaire, focusing on the period between 1715 and 1756 in France, Britain, and Germany.

1. France: The Regency
2. England: 1714–56
   1. The People
   2. The Rulers
   3. Religion and Philosophy
   4. Literature and the Stage
   5. Art and Music
3. France: 1723–56
   1. The People and the State
   2. Morals and Manners
   3. The Worship of Beauty
   4. The Play of the Mind
   5. Voltaire in France
      ”Women, when on display, dressed as in our wondering youth, when the female structure was a breathless mystery costly to behold.” (p. 75)
4. Middle Europe: 1713–56
   1. The Germany of Bach
   2. Frederick the Great and Maria Theresa
   3. Switzerland and Voltaire
5. The Advancement of Learning: 1715–89
   1. The Scholars
   2. The Scientific Advance
   3. Medicine
6. The Attack Upon Christianity: 1730–74
   1. The Atheists
   2. Diderot and the Encyclopedie
   3. Diderot Proteus
   4. The Spreading Campaign
   5. Voltaire and Christianity
   6. The Triumph of the Philosophes

X. Rousseau and Revolution (1967)

This volume centers on Jean-Jacques Rousseau and his times. It received the Pulitzer Prize for General Non-Fiction in 1968.^[1]

1. Prelude
   1. Rousseau Wanderer: 1712–56
   2. The Seven Years' War: 1756–63
2. France Before the Deluge: 1757–74
   1. The Life of the State
   2. The Art of Life
   3. Voltaire Patriarch: 1758–78
   4. Rousseau Romantic: 1756–62
   5. Rousseau Philosopher
   6. Rousseau Outcast: 1762–67
3. The Catholic South: 1715–89
   1. Italia Felix: 1715–59
   2. Portugal and Pombal: 1706–82
   3. Spain and the Enlightenment: 1700–88
   4. Vale, Italia: 1760–89
   5. The Enlightenment in Austria: 1756–90
   6. Music Reformed
   7. Mozart
      “Lovers under a window plucked at a guitar or mandolin and a maiden’s heart.” (p. 220)
4. Islam and the Slavic East: 1715–96
   1. Islam: 1715–96
   2. Russian Interlude: 1725–62
   3. Catherine the Great: 1762–96
   4. The Rape of Poland: 1715–95
5. The Protestant North: 1756–89
   1. Frederick's Germany: 1756–86
   2. Kant: 1724–1804
   3. Roads to Weimar: 1733–87
   4. Weimar in Flower: 1775–1805
   5. Goethe Nestor: 1805–32
   6. The Jews: 1715–89
   7. From Geneva to Stockholm
      “He concluded that history is an excellent teacher with few pupils.” (p. 529)
6. Johnson's England: 1756–89
   1. The Industrial Revolution
   2. The Political Drama: 1756–92
   3. The English People: 1756–89
   4. The Age of Reynolds: 1756–90
   5. England's Neighbors: 1756–89
   6. The Literary Scene: 1756–89
   7. Samuel Johnson: 1709–84
7. The Collapse of Feudal France: 1774–89
   1. The Final Glory: 1774–83
   2. Death and the Philosophers: 1774–1807
   3. On the Eve: 1774–89
   4. The Anatomy of Revolution: 1774–89
   5. The Political Debacle: 1783–89
8. Envoi

XI. The Age of Napoleon (1975)

This volume centers on Napoleon I of France and his times.

1. The French Revolution: 1789–99
   1. The Background of Revolution: 1774–89
   2. The National Assembly: May 4, 1789 – September 30, 1791
   3. The Legislative Assembly: October 1, 1791 – September 20, 1792
   4. The Convention: September 21, 1792 – October 26, 1795
   5. The Directory: November 2, 1795 – November 9, 1799
   6. Life Under the Revolution: 1789–99
2. Napoleon Ascendant: 1799–1811
   1. The Consulate: November 11, 1799 – May 18, 1804
   2. The New Empire: 1804–07
   3. The Mortal Realm: 1807–11
   4. Napoleon Himself
   5. Napoleonic France: 1800–1815
   6. Napoleon and the Arts
   7. Literature versus Napoleon
   8. Science and Philosophy under Napoleon
      "It was a typical Napoleonic campaign: swift, victorious, and futile." (p. 228)
3. Britain: 1789–1812
   1. England at Work
   2. English Life
   3. The Arts in England
   4. Science in England
   5. English Philosophy
   6. Literature in Transition
   7. The Lake Poets: 1770–1850
   8. The Rebel Poets: 1788–1824
   9. England's Neighbors: 1789–1815
   10. Pitt, Nelson, and Napoleon: 1789–1812
4. The Challenged Kings: 1789–1812
   1. Iberia
   2. Italy and Its Conquerors: 1789–1813
   3. Austria: 1780–1812
   4. Beethoven: 1770–1827
   5. Germany and Napoleon: 1786–1811
   6. The German People: 1789–1812
   7. German Literature: 1789–1815
   8. German Philosophy: 1789–1815
   9. Around the Heartland: 1789–1812
   10. Russia: 1796–1812
       " ... she entered upon a series of adventures, in one of which she was surprised with motherhood." (p. 633)
5. Finale: 1811–1815
   1. To Moscow: 1811–12
   2. To Elba: 1813–14
   3. To Waterloo: 1814–15
   4. To St. Helena
   5. To the End
   6. Afterward: 1815–40

References

1. ↑ "Pulitzer Prize Winners: General Non-Fiction". pulitzer.org. Retrieved 2008-02-29.