Kubernetes

Kuerbernetes (k8s) is an open source container cluster manager. Kubernetes' primary goal is to provide a platform for automating deployment, scaling, and operations of application containers across a luster of hosts. Kubernetes was released by Google on July 2015.

Design overview

Kubernetes is built through the definition of a set of components (building blocks or "primitives") which, when used collectively, provide a method for the deployment, maintenance, and scalability of container-based application clusters.

These "primitives" are designed to be loosely coupled (i.e., where little to no knowledge of the other component definitions is needed to use) as well as easily extensible through an API. Both the internal components of Kubernetes as well as the extensions and containers make use of this API.

Components

The building blocks of Kubernetes are the following:

Nodes (minions): You can think of these as "container clients". These are the individual hosts (physical or virtual) that Docker is installed on and hosts the various containers within your managed cluster.; Each node will run etcd (a key-pair management and communication service, used by Kubernetes for exchanging messages and reporting on cluster status) as well as the Kubernetes Proxy.
Pods: A pod consists of one or more containers. Those containers are guaranteed (by the cluster controller) to be located on the same host machine in order to facilitate sharing of resources.; Pods are assigned unique IPs within each cluster. These allow an application to use ports without having to worry about conflicting port utilization.; Pods can contain definitions of disk volumes or shares, and then provide access from those to all the members (containers) within the pod.; Finally, pod management is done through the API or delegated to a controller.
Labels: Clients can attach "key-value pairs" to any object in the system (like Pods or Nodes). These become the labels that identify them in the configuration and management of them.
Selectors: Label Selectors represent queries that are made against those labels. They resolve to the corresponding matching objects.; These two items are the primary way that grouping is done in Kubernetes and determine which components that a given operation applies to when indicated.
Controllers: These are used in the management of your cluster. Controllers are the mechanism by which your desired configuration state is enforced.; Controllers manage a set of pods and, depending on the desired configuration state, may engage other controllers to handle replication and scaling (Replication Controller) of X number of containers and pods across the cluster. It is also responsible for replacing any container in a pod that fails (based on the desired state of the cluster).; Other controllers that can be engaged include a DaemonSet Controller (enforces a 1-to-1 ratio of pods to minions) and a Job Controller (that runs pods to "completion", such as in batch jobs).; Each set of pods any controller manages, is determined by the label selectors that are part of its definition.
Services: A pod consists of one or more containers. Those containers are guaranteed (by the cluster controller) to be located on the same host machine, in order to facilitate sharing of resources.; This is so pods can "work together", like in a multi-tiered application configuration. Each set of pods that define and implement a service (like MySQL or Apache) are defined by the label selector.; Kubernetes can then provide service discovery and handle routing with the static IP for each pod as well as load balancing (round robin based) connections to that service among the pods that match the label selector indicated.; By default, although a service is only exposed inside a cluster, it can also be exposed outside a cluster, as needed.
Control Pane
API

Setup a Kubernetes cluster

In this section, I will show you how to setup a Kubernetes cluster with etcd and Docker. The cluster will consist of 1 master host and 3 minions (aka nodes).

Setup VMs

For this demo, I will be creating 4 VMs via Vagrant (with VirtualBox).

Create Vagrant demo environment:

$ mkdir $HOME/dev/kubernetes && cd $_

Create Vagrantfile with the following contents:

# -*- mode: ruby -*-
# vi: set ft=ruby :

require 'yaml'
VAGRANTFILE_API_VERSION = "2"

$common_script = <<COMMON_SCRIPT
# Set verbose
set -v
# Set exit on error
set -e
echo -e "$(date) [INFO] Starting modified Vagrant..."
sudo yum update -y
# Timestamp provision
date > /etc/vagrant_provisioned_at
COMMON_SCRIPT

unless defined? CONFIG
  configuration_file = File.join(File.dirname(__FILE__), 'vagrant_config.yml')
  CONFIG = YAML.load(File.open(configuration_file, File::RDONLY).read)
end

CONFIG['box'] = {} unless CONFIG.key?('box')

def modifyvm_network(node)
  node.vm.provider "virtualbox" do |vbox|
    vbox.customize ["modifyvm", :id, "--nicpromisc1", "allow-all"]
    #vbox.customize ["modifyvm", :id, "--natdnshostresolver1", "on"]
    vbox.customize ["modifyvm", :id, "--nicpromisc2", "allow-all"]
  end
end

def modifyvm_resources(node, memory, cpus)
  node.vm.provider "virtualbox" do |vbox|
    vbox.customize ["modifyvm", :id, "--memory", memory]
    vbox.customize ["modifyvm", :id, "--cpus", cpus]
  end
end

## START: Actual Vagrant process
Vagrant.configure(VAGRANTFILE_API_VERSION) do |config|

  config.vm.box = CONFIG['box']['name']

  # Uncomment the following line if you wish to be able to pass files from
  # your local filesystem directly into the vagrant VM:
  #config.vm.synced_folder "data", "/vagrant"

## VM: k8s master #############################################################
  config.vm.define "master" do |node|
    node.vm.hostname = "k8s.master.dev"
    node.vm.provision "shell", inline: $common_script
    #node.vm.network "forwarded_port", guest: 80, host: 8080
    node.vm.network "private_network", ip: CONFIG['host_groups']['master']

    # Uncomment the following if you wish to define CPU/memory:
    #node.vm.provider "virtualbox" do |vbox|
    #  vbox.customize ["modifyvm", :id, "--memory", "4096"]
    #  vbox.customize ["modifyvm", :id, "--cpus", "2"]
    #end
    #modifyvm_resources(node, "4096", "2")
  end
## VM: k8s minion1 ############################################################
  config.vm.define "minion1" do |node|
    node.vm.hostname = "k8s.minion1.dev"
    node.vm.provision "shell", inline: $common_script
    node.vm.network "private_network", ip: CONFIG['host_groups']['minion1']
  end
## VM: k8s minion2 ############################################################
  config.vm.define "minion2" do |node|
    node.vm.hostname = "k8s.minion2.dev"
    node.vm.provision "shell", inline: $common_script
    node.vm.network "private_network", ip: CONFIG['host_groups']['minion2']
  end
## VM: k8s minion3 ############################################################
  config.vm.define "minion3" do |node|
    node.vm.hostname = "k8s.minion3.dev"
    node.vm.provision "shell", inline: $common_script
    node.vm.network "private_network", ip: CONFIG['host_groups']['minion3']
  end
###############################################################################

end

The above Vagrantfile uses the following configuration file:

$ cat vagrant_config.yml

---
box:
  name: centos/7
  storage_controller: 'SATA Controller'
debug: false
development: false
network:
  dns1: 8.8.8.8
  dns2: 8.8.4.4
  internal:
    network: 192.168.200.0/24
  external:
    start: 192.168.100.100
    end: 192.168.100.200
    network: 192.168.100.0/24
    bridge: wlan0
    netmask: 255.255.255.0
    broadcast: 192.168.100.255
host_groups:
  master: 192.168.200.100
  minion1: 192.168.200.101
  minion2: 192.168.200.102
  minion3: 192.168.200.103

In the Vagrant Kubernetes directory (i.e., $HOME/dev/kubernetes), run the following command:

$ vagrant up

Setup hosts

Note: Run the following commands/steps on all hosts (master and minions).

Log into the k8s master host:

$ vagrant ssh master

Kubernetes cluster

$ cat << EOF >> /etc/hosts
192.168.200.100    k8s.master.dev
192.168.200.101    k8s.minion1.dev
192.168.200.102    k8s.minion2.dev
192.168.200.103    k8s.minion3.dev
EOF

Install, enable, and start NTP:

$ yum install -y ntp
$ systemctl enable ntpd && systemctl start ntpd
$ timedatectl

Disable any firewall rules (for now; we will add the rules back later):

$ systemctl stop firewalld && systemctl disable firewalld
$ systemctl stop iptables

Disable SELinux (for now; we will turn it on again later):

$ setenforce 0
$ sed -i 's/^SELINUX=.*/SELINUX=permissive/' /etc/sysconfig/selinux
$ sed -i 's/^SELINUX=.*/SELINUX=permissive/' /etc/selinux/config
$ sestatus

Add the Docker repo and update yum:

$ cat << EOF > /etc/yum.repos.d/virt7-docker-common-release.repo
[virt7-docker-common-release]
name=virr7-docker-common-release
baseurl=http://cbs.centos.org/repos/virt7-docker-common-release/x86_64/os/
gpgcheck=0
EOF
$ yum update

Install Docker, Kubernetes, and etcd:

$ yum install -y --enablerepo=virt7-docker-common-release kubernetes docker etcd

Install and configure master controller

Note: Run the following commands on only the master host.

Edit /etc/kubernetes/config and add (or make changes to) the following lines:

KUBE_MASTER="--master=http://k8s.master.dev:8080"
KUBE_ETCD_SERVERS="--etcd-servers=http://k8s.master.dev:2379"

Edit /etc/etcd/etcd.conf and add (or make changes to) the following lines:

[member]
ETCD_LISTEN_CLIENT_URLS="http://0.0.0.0:2379"
[cluster]
ETCD_ADVERTISE_CLIENT_URLS="http://0.0.0.0:2379"

Edit /etc/kubernetes/apiserver and add (or make changes to) the following lines:

# The address on the local server to listen to.
#KUBE_API_ADDRESS="--insecure-bind-address=127.0.0.1"
KUBE_API_ADDRESS="--address=0.0.0.0"

# The port on the local server to listen on.
KUBE_API_PORT="--port=8080"

# Port minions listen on
KUBELET_PORT="--kubelet-port=10250"

# Comma separated list of nodes in the etcd cluster
KUBE_ETCD_SERVERS="--etcd-servers=http://127.0.0.1:2379"

# Address range to use for services
KUBE_SERVICE_ADDRESSES="--service-cluster-ip-range=10.254.0.0/16"

# default admission control policies
#KUBE_ADMISSION_CONTROL="--admission-control=NamespaceLifecycle,NamespaceExists,LimitRanger,SecurityContextDeny,ServiceAccount,ResourceQuota"

# Add your own!
KUBE_API_ARGS=""

Enable and start the following etcd and Kubernetes services:

$ for SERVICE in etcd kube-apiserver kube-controller-manager kube-scheduler; do
      systemctl restart $SERVICE
      systemctl enable $SERVICE
      systemctl status $SERVICE 
  done

Check on the status of the above services (the following command should report 4 running services):

$ systemctl status etcd kube-apiserver kube-controller-manager kube-scheduler | grep "(running)" | wc -l # => 4

Check on the status of the Kubernetes API server:

$ kubectl cluster-info
Kubernetes master is running at http://localhost:8080
$ curl http://localhost:8080/version
#~OR~
$ curl http://k8s.master.dev:8080/version

{
  "major": "1",
  "minor": "2",
  "gitVersion": "v1.2.0",
  "gitCommit": "ec7364b6e3b155e78086018aa644057edbe196e5",
  "gitTreeState": "clean"
}

Get a list of Kubernetes API paths:

$ curl http://k8s.master.dev:8080/paths

{
  "paths": [
    "/api",
    "/api/v1",
    "/apis",
    "/apis/autoscaling",
    "/apis/autoscaling/v1",
    "/apis/batch",
    "/apis/batch/v1",
    "/apis/extensions",
    "/apis/extensions/v1beta1",
    "/healthz",
    "/healthz/ping",
    "/logs/",
    "/metrics",
    "/resetMetrics",
    "/swagger-ui/",
    "/swaggerapi/",
    "/ui/",
    "/version"
  ]
}

List all available paths (key-value stores) known to ectd:

$ etcdctl ls / --recursive

The master controller in a Kubernetes cluster must have the following services running to function as the master host in the cluster:

ntpd
etcd
kube-controller-manager
kube-apiserver
kube-scheduler

Note: The Docker daemon should not be running on the master host.

Install and configure the minions

Note: Run the following commands/steps on all minion hosts.

Log into the k8s minion hosts:

$ vagrant ssh minion1  # do the same for minion2 and minion3

Edit /etc/kubernetes/config and add (or make changes to) the following lines:

KUBE_MASTER="--master=http://k8s.master.dev:8080"
KUBE_ECTD_SERVERS="--etcd-servers=http://k8s.master.dev:2379"

Edit /etc/kubernetes/kubelet and add (or make changes to) the following lines:

###
# kubernetes kubelet (minion) config

# The address for the info server to serve on (set to 0.0.0.0 or "" for all interfaces)
KUBELET_ADDRESS="--address=0.0.0.0"

# The port for the info server to serve on
KUBELET_PORT="--port=10250"

# You may leave this blank to use the actual hostname
KUBELET_HOSTNAME="--hostname-override=k8s.minion1.dev"  # ***CHANGE TO CORRECT MINION HOSTNAME***

# location of the api-server
KUBELET_API_SERVER="--api-servers=http://k8s.master.dev:8080"

# pod infrastructure container
#KUBELET_POD_INFRA_CONTAINER="--pod-infra-container-image=registry.access.redhat.com/rhel7/pod-infrastructure:latest"

# Add your own!
KUBELET_ARGS=""

Enable and start the following services:

$ for SERVICE in kube-proxy kubelet docker; do
      systemctl restart $SERVICE
      systemctl enable $SERVICE
      systemctl status $SERVICE
  done

Test that Docker is running and can start containers:

$ docker info
$ docker pull hello-world
$ docker run hello-world

Kubectl: Exploring our environment

Note: Run all of the following commands on the master host.

Get a list of nodes with kubectl:

$ kubectl get nodes

NAME              STATUS    AGE
k8s.minion1.dev   Ready     20m
k8s.minion2.dev   Ready     12m
k8s.minion3.dev   Ready     12m

Describe nodes with kubectl:

$ kubectl get nodes -o jsonpath='{.items[*].status.addresses[?(@.type=="ExternalIP")].address}'
$ kubectl get nodes -o jsonpath='{range .items[*]}{@.metadata.name}:{range @.status.conditions[*]}{@.type}={@.status};{end}{end}' | tr ';' "\n"

k8s.minion1.dev:OutOfDisk=False
Ready=True
k8s.minion2.dev:OutOfDisk=False
Ready=True
k8s.minion3.dev:OutOfDisk=False
Ready=True

Get the man page for kubectl:

$ man kubectl-get

Working with our Kubernetes cluster

Note: The following section will be working from within the Kubernetes cluster we created above.

Create and deploy pod definitions

Turn off nodes 1 and 2:

minion{1,2}$ systemctl stop kubelet kube-proxy

master$ kubectl get nodes

NAME              STATUS     AGE
k8s.minion1.dev   Ready      1h
k8s.minion2.dev   NotReady   37m
k8s.minion3.dev   NotReady   39m

Check for any k8s Pods (there should be none):

master$ kubectl get pods

Create a builds directory for our Pods:

master$ mkdir builds && cd $_

Create a Pod running Nginx inside a Docker container:

master$ cat << EOF >nginx.yml

---
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: nginx
spec:
  containers:
  - name: nginx
    image: nginx:1.7.9
    ports:
    - containerPort: 80
EOF

Create k8s Pod:

master$ kubectl create -f nginx.yml

Check on Pod creation status:

master$ kubectl get pods

NAME      READY     STATUS              RESTARTS   AGE
nginx     0/1       ContainerCreating   0          2s

master$ kubectl get pods

NAME      READY     STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE
nginx     1/1       Running   0          3m

minion1$ docker ps

CONTAINER ID        IMAGE        COMMAND                 CREATED        STATUS        PORTS  NAMES
a718c6c0355d        nginx:1.7.9  "nginx -g 'daemon off"  3 minutes ago  Up 3 minutes         k8s_nginx.4580025_nginx_default_699e...

master$ kubectl describe pod nginx

master$ kubectl run busybox --image=busybox --restart=Never --tty -i --generator=run-pod/v1
busybox$ wget -qO- 172.17.0.2
master$ kubectl delete pod busybox
master$ kubectl delete pod nginx

Port forwarding:

master$ kubectl create -f nginx.yml
master$ kubectl port-forward nginx :80 &
I1020 23:12:29.478742   23394 portforward.go:213] Forwarding from [::1]:40065 -> 80
master$ curl -I localhost:40065

Tags, labels, and selectors

master$ cat << EOF > nginx-pod-label.yml

---
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: nginx
  labels:
    app: nginx
spec:
  containers:
  - name: nginx
    image: nginx:1.7.9
    ports:
    - containerPort: 80
EOF

master$ kubectl create -f nginx-pod-label.yml
master$ kubectl get pods -l app=nginx
master$ kubectl describe pods -l app=nginx2

Add labels or overwrite existing ones:

master$ kubectl label pods nginx new-label=mynginx
master$ kubectl describe pods/nginx | awk '/^Labels/{print $2}'
new-label=nginx
master$ kubectl label pods nginx new-label=foo
master$ kubectl describe pods/nginx | awk '/^Labels/{print $2}'
new-label=foo

Deployments

master$ cat << EOF > nginx-deployment-dev.yml

---
apiVersion: extensions/v1beta1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
  name: nginx-deployment-dev
spec:
  replicas: 1
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        app: nginx-deployment-dev
    spec:
      containers:
      - name: nginx-deployment-dev
        image: nginx:1.7.9
        ports:
        - containerPort: 80
EOF

master$ cat nginx-deployment-prod.yml

---
apiVersion: extensions/v1beta1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
  name: nginx-deployment-prod
spec:
  replicas: 1
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        app: nginx-deployment-prod
    spec:
      containers:
      - name: nginx-deployment-prod
        image: nginx:1.7.9
        ports:
        - containerPort: 80

master$ kubectl create --validate -f nginx-deployment-dev.yml
master$ kubectl create --validate -f nginx-deployment-prod.yml

master$ kubectl get pods

NAME                                     READY     STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE
nginx-deployment-dev-104434401-jiiic     1/1       Running   0          5m
nginx-deployment-prod-3051195443-hj9b1   1/1       Running   0          12m

master$ kubectl describe deployments -l app=nginx-deployment-dev

Name:                   nginx-deployment-dev
Namespace:              default
CreationTimestamp:      Thu, 20 Oct 2016 23:48:46 +0000
Labels:                 app=nginx-deployment-dev
Selector:               app=nginx-deployment-dev
Replicas:               1 updated | 1 total | 1 available | 0 unavailable
StrategyType:           RollingUpdate
MinReadySeconds:        0
RollingUpdateStrategy:  1 max unavailable, 1 max surge
OldReplicaSets:         <none>
NewReplicaSet:          nginx-deployment-dev-2568522567 (1/1 replicas created)
...

master$ kubectl get deployments

NAME                    DESIRED   CURRENT   UP-TO-DATE   AVAILABLE   AGE
nginx-deployment-prod   1         1         1            1           44s

master$ cat << EOF > nginx-deployment-dev-update.yml

---
apiVersion: extensions/v1beta1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
  name: nginx-deployment-dev
spec:
  replicas: 1
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        app: nginx-deployment-dev
    spec:
      containers:
      - name: nginx-deployment-dev
        image: nginx:1.8  # ***CHANGED***
        ports:
        - containerPort: 80

master$ kubectl apply -f nginx-deployment-dev-update.yml
master$ kubectl get pods -l app=nginx-deployment-dev

NAME                                   READY     STATUS              RESTARTS   AGE
nginx-deployment-dev-104434401-jiiic   0/1       ContainerCreating   0          27s

master$ kubectl get pods -l app=nginx-deployment-dev

NAME                                   READY     STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE
nginx-deployment-dev-104434401-jiiic   1/1       Running   0          6m

Cleanup:

master$ kubectl delete deployment nginx-deployment-dev
master$ kubectl delete deployment nginx-deployment-prod

Multi-Pod (container) replication controller

Start the other two nodes (the ones we previously stopped):

minion2$ systemctl start kubelet kube-proxy
minion3$ systemctl start kubelet kube-proxy
master$ kubectl get nodes

NAME              STATUS    AGE
k8s.minion1.dev   Ready     2h
k8s.minion2.dev   Ready     2h
k8s.minion3.dev   Ready     2h

master$ cat << EOF > nginx-multi-node.yml

---
apiVersion: v1
kind: ReplicationController
metadata:
  name: nginx-www
spec:
  replicas: 3
  selector:
    app: nginx
  template:
    metadata:
      name: nginx
      labels:
        app: nginx
    spec:
      containers:
      - name: nginx
        image: nginx
        ports:
        - containerPort: 80

master$ kubectl get pods

NAME              READY     STATUS              RESTARTS   AGE
nginx-www-2evxu   0/1       ContainerCreating   0          10s
nginx-www-416ct   0/1       ContainerCreating   0          10s
nginx-www-ax41w   0/1       ContainerCreating   0          10s

master$ kubectl get pods

NAME              READY     STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE
nginx-www-2evxu   1/1       Running   0          1m
nginx-www-416ct   1/1       Running   0          1m
nginx-www-ax41w   1/1       Running   0          1m

master$ kubectl describe pods | awk '/^Node/{print $2}'

k8s.minion2.dev/192.168.200.102
k8s.minion1.dev/192.168.200.101
k8s.minion3.dev/192.168.200.103

minion1$ docker ps # 1 nginx container running
minion2$ docker ps # 1 nginx container running
minion3$ docker ps # 1 nginx container running
minion3$ docker ps --format "{{.Image}}"

nginx
gcr.io/google_containers/pause:2.0

master$ kubectl describe replicationcontroller

Name:       nginx-www
Namespace:  default
Image(s):   nginx
Selector:   app=nginx
Labels:     app=nginx
Replicas:   3 current / 3 desired
Pods Status:    3 Running / 0 Waiting / 0 Succeeded / 0 Failed
...

Attempt to delete one of the three pods:

master$ kubectl get pods

NAME              READY     STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE
nginx-www-2evxu   1/1       Running   0          11m
nginx-www-416ct   1/1       Running   0          11m
nginx-www-ax41w   1/1       Running   0          11m

master$ kubectl delete pod nginx-www-2evxu
master$ kubectl get pods

NAME              READY     STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE
nginx-www-3cck4   1/1       Running   0          12s
nginx-www-416ct   1/1       Running   0          11m
nginx-www-ax41w   1/1       Running   0          11m

A new pod (nginx-www-3cck4) automatically started up. This is because the expected state, as defined in our YAML file, is for there to be 3 pods running at all times. Thus, if one or more of the pods were to go down, a new pod (or pods) will automatically start up to bring the state back to the expected state.

To force-delete all pods:

master$ kubectl delete replicationcontroller nginx-www
master$ kubectl get pods  # nothing

Create and deploy service definitions

master$ kubectl create -f nginx-multi-node.yml

master$ cat << EOF > nginx-service.yml

---
apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
  name: nginx-service
spec:
  ports:
  - port: 8000
    targetPort: 80
    protocol: TCP
  selector:
    app: nginx

master$ kubectl get services

NAME            CLUSTER-IP       EXTERNAL-IP   PORT(S)    AGE
kubernetes      10.254.0.1       <none>        443/TCP    3h

master$ kubectl create -f nginx-service.yml

master$ kubectl get services

NAME            CLUSTER-IP       EXTERNAL-IP   PORT(S)    AGE
kubernetes      10.254.0.1       <none>        443/TCP    3h
nginx-service   10.254.110.127   <none>        8000/TCP   10s

master$ kubectl run busybox --generator=run-pod/v1 --image=busybox --restart=Never --tty -i
busybox$ wget -qO- 10.254.110.127:8000  # works

Cleanup

master$ kubectl delete pod busybox
master$ kubectl delete service nginx-service
master$ kubectl get pods

NAME              READY     STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE
nginx-www-jh2e9   1/1       Running   0          13m
nginx-www-jir2g   1/1       Running   0          13m
nginx-www-w91uw   1/1       Running   0          13m

master$ kubectl delete replicationcontroller nginx-www
master$ kubectl get pods  # nothing

External links

Official website
Kubernets code — via GitHub

Kubernetes

Contents

Design overview

Components

Setup a Kubernetes cluster

Setup VMs

Setup hosts

Install and configure master controller

Install and configure the minions

Kubectl: Exploring our environment

Working with our Kubernetes cluster

Create and deploy pod definitions

Tags, labels, and selectors

Deployments

Multi-Pod (container) replication controller

Create and deploy service definitions

External links

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